Health risks associated with female genital mutilation as express by women of childbearing age in Ilorin South LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria
List of Authors
  • Dabiri-Adewumi, Azeezat Oluwatoyin , Ibrahim, Ologele , Onaolapo, Abdulrasaq Qazeem , Usman, Jonathan Sunday

Keyword
  • Health-risk, associated, female, genital-mutilation, women

Abstract
  • Female genital mutilation harms girls and women in many ways and it has no health benefits. Therefore, the study investigated the health risks associated with the female genital mutilation as expressed by women of childbearing age in Ilorin South LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to determine whether dyspareunia and infertility are health risk associated with female genital mutilation. A descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprises women of childbearing age. Two hundred and forty-two respondents were sampled for the study. A validated researcher’s developed questionnaire tested for reliability was used for the study. The data collected analyzed using descriptive statistics of chi-square to test the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that dyspareunia and infertility are significant health risks associated with female genital mutilation (Cal. chi-square value > chi-square Table value) at 0.05 alpha level. The study concluded that dyspareunia and infertility are health risk associated with female genital mutilation as express by women of childbearing age in Ilorin South local government area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Evidence generated from the study also suggest implication for the local government authority on the need to conduct enlightenment campaign through mass media on health effects associated with female genital mutilation to enable parents desist from the practice.

Reference
  • 1. Alan, D.B. & Trumansburg, N.Y. (2002). Applications of Social Norms Theory to other Health and Social Justice Issues. Retrieved from: http://www.alanberkowitz.com/articles/old_norms_applications.pdf
    2. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhi & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11ó39). Heidelberg: Springer.
    3. Antoine, S. (2020). What is the difference between population and sample? Retrieved from: https://statsandr.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-population-and-sample/
    4. Brookes, E. (2021 ). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from: www.simplypsychology.org/theory-of-planned-behavior.html
    5. Daniel, N. (2020). Questionnaire, types, definition, examples and how to design your own. Retrieved from: https://www.kyleads.com/blog/questionnaire/
    6. Donohoe, M, (2006). Female Genital Cutting: Epidemiology, Consequences, and Female Empowerment. Retrieved from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546497
    7. Ferjaoui, M. A., Francis, M., Gharrad, M. & Belaiba, A. (2016). A rare cause of infertility : A late complication of female genital mutilation. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 5 (3), 266-273.
    8. Karim, M. (1994). Circumcisions and Mutilations: Male and Female, London: Panos Press.
    9. Lars, A., Sussan, E, Nagla, E., Abelrahim, O., Mohammed, A. A. & Saad, M. E. (2005). Primary infertility after genital multilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case-control study. The Lancet journal, 366 (9483), 385-391. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/p1140-6736(05)67023-7/fulltext
    10. Megagfu, U. (1983). Female ritual circumcision of Africa: An investigation of the presumed benefits among Ibos of Nigeria. East African medical Journal, 60 (2), 793 – 800.
    11. Odukogbe, A. T., Afolabi, B..B., Bello, O. O. & Adeyanju, A. S. (2017). Female genital mutilation in Africa. Translational, Andrology and Urology Journal, 6 (2), 138-148.
    12. Okeke, T. C, Anyaehie, U. S .B. & Ezenyeaku, C. C. K. (2012). An Overview of Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria. Annals of Medicals and Health Science Research, 2(1), 70-73. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507121/
    13. Olumba, M . O. (2005). When cultural practices are health risks: the dilemma of female genital mutilation. Nigerian journal health education, 13 (1), 44-55.
    14. Toubia, N. (1996). Two million girls a year mutilated. The progress of Nations. New York: UNICEF.
    15. UNICEF. (2001). Children's and Women's right in Nigeria: A wake up call. Situation Assessment and Analysis. Harmful Traditional Practice (FGM) Abuja NPC and UNICEF Nigeria. Pp.195–200.
    16. WHO. (2020). Female genital mutilation. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
    17. WHO. (2021). Health risks of female genital mutilation. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/health-risks-of-female-genital-mutilation
    18. Yirga, W. S., Kassa, N.A., Gebremichael, M .A. & Aro, A. R . (2012). Female genital mutilation: prevalence, perceptions and effect on women’s health in Kersa district of Ethiopia,” International Journal of Women's Health, 4 (2), 45–54.