Faktor kestabilan federalisme multi-etnik di Malaysia: satu eksplorasi teoritis
List of Authors
  • Abdul Aqmar Ahmad Tajudin , Muhamad Nadzri Mohamed Noor

Keyword
  • Barisan Nasional, federalisme multi-etnik, kestabilan politik, Pakatan Harapan, Malaysia

Abstract
  • Ketahanan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara persekutuan multi etnik terbukti apabila ia berupaya mengekalkan kestabilannya sejak kemerdekaannya pada 1957 tanpa sebarang konflik serius yang menggugat keutuhannya. Namun, selepas Barisan Nasional (BN) buat pertama kalinya tewas pada Pilihan Raya Umum ke-14 (PRU-14), timbul semula persoalan perpaduan dan penyatuan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara federal multi etnik. Ini berikutan dasar kerajaan Pakatan Harapan (PH) yang memperjuangkan reformasi politik seperti kebebasan bersuara, pelantikan jawatan utama kerajaan yang tidak berasaskan etnik, dan penglibatan bukan Bumiputera dalam dasar afirmatif telah menyebabkan timbulnya perasaan bimbang dan tidak puas hati orang Melayu khasnya golongan konservatif terhadap perubahan dan ketidaktentuan yang dibawa oleh dasar-dasar pemerintahan PH. Akibatnya, wujud gelora-gelora ketegangan di dalam hubungan etnik khasnya antara Melayu dan bukan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, ditandai dengan kebangkitan politik identiti dan kemunculan etno-populisme. Dengan menggunakan konsep federalisme dan data sekunder seperti buku, jurnal dan akhbar, perbincangan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor kestabilan federalisme multi-etnik Malaysia. Hujah utama artikel ini adalah, meskipun hubungan etnik di Malaysia cenderung tegang dan bergelora, namun sistem persekutuannya tetap stabil. Berasaskan perdebatan dan kerangka federalisme di negara-negara pelbagai etnik kontemporari, artikel ini membincangkan lima faktor yang menyumbang kepada kestabilan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara persekutuan multi-etnik; iaitu kekalnya Melayu/Bumiputera sebagai etnik majoriti dalam persekutuan (Staatsvolk), adanya elemen politik permuafakatan di peringkat pusat, wujudnya parti politik yang bersifat country-wide parties, utuhnya semangat ‘holding together’ dalam kalangan unit-unit persekutuan, dan tradisi kerajaan pusat yang kuat.

Reference
  • 1. Astro Awani. (2019). Hina institusi Diraja: Ketua Pemuda PSM Khalid Ismath ditahan. Retrieved from https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/hina-institusi-diraja-ketua-pemuda-psm-khalid-ismath-ditahan-217500.
    2. Bakar, I. (2007). Multinational federation: The case of Malaysia. In M. Burgess & J. Pinder (Eds.), Multinational federations (pp. 68-85). London and New York: Routledge.
    3. Berita Harian. (2018). 300 NGO bantah UEC [300 NGOs opposed UEC]. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/07/449781/300-ngo-bantah-uec
    4. Berita Harian. (2019). Budaya rasis dalam isu Jawi, khat bawa Malaysia ke belakang. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/08/595791/budaya-rasis-dalam-isu-jawi-khat-bawa-malaysia-ke-belakang
    5. Bhattacharyya, H. (2010). Federalism in Asia: India, Pakistan and Malaysia. London & New York: Routledge.
    6. Birch, A. H. (1966). Approaches to the study of federalism. Political Studies, XIV(1), 15-33.
    7. Burgess, M. (2006). Comparative federalism: Theory and practice. Oxford: Routledge.
    8. Case, W. (2016). Feckless federalism in Malaysia. In W. Hofmeister & E. Tayao (Eds.), Federalism and decentralization: Perceptions for political and institutional reforms (pp. 165-88). Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
    9. Chin, J. (1997). Politics of federal intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Sarawak, Sabah and Kelantan. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 35(2), 96-120.
    10. Chin, J. (2019). The 1963 Malaysia Agreement (MA63): Sabah and Sarawak and the politics of historical grievances. In S. Lemiere (Ed.), Minorities matter: Malaysians politics and people (pp. 75-92). Singapore: ISEAS-Yusuf Ishak Institute.
    11. Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal. (2020). Major ethnic group composition: 2020. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09
    12. Gagnon, A. G. (2007). Democratic multinational federalism under scrutiny: Healthy tensions and unresolved issues in Canada. In M. Burgess & J. Pinder (Eds.), Multinational federations (pp.17-30). New York: Routledge.
    13. Goh, C. T. (1994). Malaysia: Beyond communal politics. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications.
    14. Harding, A. J. & Chin, J. (2014). 50 years of Malaysia: Federalism revisited. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.
    15. Jawan, J., Boyman, S. N., & Kadam-Kiai, S. B. (2020). Dynamics of of ethnic relations in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 28(3), 1959-1973.
    16. Juhasz, J. (2005). Ethno-federalism: Challenges and opportunities. Medjunarodni problem, 57(3), 245-63.
    17. Kananatu, T. (2020). Minorities, Rights and the Law in Malaysia. London: Routledge.
    18. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in plural societies: A comparative exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
    19. Linz, J. & Stepan, A. (1992). Political identities and electoral sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Daedalus, 121(2), 123-139.
    20. Loh, F. K. W. (2009). Old vs new politics in Malaysia: State and society in transition. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    21. Malaysiakini. (2019). Pengguna media sosial didakwa hina nabi ditahan. Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/466883
    22. Malaysiakini. (2020). PH kesal 5 ketua negeri pembangkang tak dijemput mesyuarat Covid-19 Retrieved from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/515142
    23. McGarry, J. (2005). Can federalism help to manage ethnic and national diversity? Retrieved from http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Federations/V5N1SEen-int-McGarry.pdf
    24. McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. (2009). Must pluri-national federations fail? Ethnopolitics, 8(1), 5-25.
    25. Milne, R. S & Mauzy, D. K. (1978). Politics and government in Malaysia. Singapore: Federal Publications (S) Pte Ltd.
    26. Minority Rights Group International. (2018). Minorities and indigenous peoples in Malaysia. Retrieved from https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-and-ethnic-minorities-in-sarawak/
    27. New Straits Times. (2020). Bumiputera Prosperity Council to empower Bumi sosio-economy. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/07/608618/bumiputera-prosperity-council-empower-bumi-socio-economy?
    28. Ooi, K. B. (2011). Towards a federalism that suits Malaysia’s diversity. Kajian Malaysia, 29(1), 199-214.
    29. Ostwald, K. (2017). Federalism without decentralization: Power consolidation in Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 34(3), 488-506.
    30. Pinder, J. (2007). Multinational federations: Introduction. In M. Burgess & J. Pinder (Eds.), Multinational federations (pp. 1-16). New York: Routledge.
    31. Ratnam, K. J. (1965). Communalism and political process in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Ilmu.
    32. Riker, W. H. (1964). Federalism: Origin, operation, significance. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
    33. Shafruddin, B. H. (1987). The federal factor in the government and politics of Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
    34. Simandjuntak, B. (1969). Malayan federalism, 1945-1963: A study of federal problems in a plural society. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    35. South China Morning Post. (2021). Malaysian court’s decision to allow use of ‘Allah’ by Christians herald political, social tension. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3125528/malaysian-courts-decision-allow-use-allah-christians-heralds
    36. Stepan, A. (1999). Federalism and democracy: Beyond the U.S. model. Journal of Democracy, 10(4), 21-23.
    37. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya. (2018a). Keputusan Terkini Parlimen Sabah. Retrieved from http://pru14.spr.gov.my/parliament/
    38. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya. (2018b). Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-14. Retrieved from https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/
    39. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya. (2020). Infografik PRU DUN Sabah Ke-16. Retrieved from https://www.spr.gov.my/ms/infografik-pilihan-raya
    40. Ting, H. (2009). The politics of national identity in west Malaysia: Continued mutation or critical transition? Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 31-51.
    41. Vasil, R. K. (1980). Ethnic politics in Malaysia. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.
    42. Wambolt, D.B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications and issues. Health Care Women Int. 13, 313-321.
    43. Watts, R. L. (2007). The federal idea and its contemporary relevance. Kingston: Queen’s University.
    44. Weiss, M. L. 2019. Duelling networks: relational clientelism in electoral-authoritarian Malaysia. Democratization, 27(1), 1-19.
    45. Wheare, K. C. (1946). Federal government. New York: Oxford University Press.
    46. Wong, C. H. & Chin, J. (2011). Malaysia: Centralized federalism in an electoral one-party state. In R. Saxena (Ed.), Varieties of federal governance: Major contemporary models (pp. 208-31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    47. Yusoff, M. A. (2006). Malaysian federalism: Conflict or consensus. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.