Internal and external factors that boost the performance of social enterprises during Covid-19 in Malaysia
List of Authors
  • Nawin Tharumarajah

Keyword
  • Social Enterprise; Hybrid, Organisational Performance; Organisation Resilience; Resource Dependency Theory; Resource-Based View Theory, Quantitative Study, Malaysia

Abstract
  • The objective of this study is to examine the internal and external factors that contribute to the improvement of resilience and performance in social enterprises (SEs) operating in Malaysia, particularly in response to the unanticipated market conditions arising from the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to the unpredictable market conditions induced by the Covid-19 pandemic, this study aims to examine internal and external factors that can enhance the resilience and performance of social enterprises in Malaysia from the lens of Resource Dependence Theory and Resource-Based View Theory. This research is a quantitative-based study where an explanatory model was developed and statistically tested to analyse the data collected from an online survey conducted on 109 registered social enterprises in Malaysia. The statistical findings demonstrated that entrepreneurial orientation and network connections have a positive effect on the financial performance of social enterprises. Surprisingly, traditional business planning has a negative impact on financial performance during times of crisis. Moreover, this quantitative study affirms a notable association between fiscal performance and societal achievement, underscoring the pivotal importance of financial viability in fostering enduring social value. These observations provide valuable additions to the current body of knowledge on SEs and provide practical implications for individuals involved in the field, as well as policymakers and stakeholders.

Reference
  • 1. Agyapong, F. O., Agyapong, A., & Poku, K. (2017). Nexus between social capital and performance of micro and small firms in an emerging economy: The mediating role of innovation. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1309784.

    2. Bacq, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B. (2016). Beyond the honest portrayal of social entrepreneurs: an empirical approach to who they are and what drives them. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 703-718.

    3. Bacq, S. & Eddleston, K.A. (2016). A Resource-Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: How Stewardship Culture Benefits Scale of Social Impact. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-23

    4. Bacq, S., & Eddleston, K. A. (2018). A resource-based view of social entrepreneurship: how stewardship culture benefits scale of social impact. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(3), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3317-1

    5. Bacq, S., & Eddleston, K. A. (2018). A resource-based view of social entrepreneurship: How stewardship culture benefits scale of social impact. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(3), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3317-1

    6. Bacq, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B. (2016). Beyond the moral portrayal of social entrepreneurs: an empirical approach to who they are and what drives them. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2446-7

    7. Barendsen, L., & Gardner, H. (2004). Is the social entrepreneur a new type of leader? Leader to Leader, 2004(34), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.100

    8. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108

    9. Barney, J. B. (2001). Is the resource-based "view" a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/259393

    10. Barraket, C., N., O'Connor, M., & Anderson, H. (2010). Finding Australia's social enterprise sector: final report. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/265323009_Finding_Australia's_Social_Enterprise_Sector_Final_Report

    11. Barraket, J., Furneaux, C., Barth, S., & Mason, C. (2016). Understanding legitimacy formation in multi‐goal firms: examining business planning practices among social enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(sup1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12290

    12. Batjargal, B. (2003). Social capital and entrepreneurial performance in Russia: a longitudinal study. Organisation Studies, 24(4), 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603024004002

    13. Battilana, J., & Dorado, S. (2010). Building sustainable hybrid organisations: the case of commercial microfinance organisations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(6), 1419-1440. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780265

    14. Battilana, J., & Lee, M. (2014). Advancing research on hybrid organising – Insights from the study of social enterprises. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 397-441. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.893615

    15. Battilana, J., Lee, M., Walker, J., & Dorsey, C. (2012). In search of the hybrid ideal. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 10(3), 50–55.

    16. Bell, G. G., & Dyck, B. (2011). Conventional resource-based theory and its radical alternative: A less materialist-individualist approach to strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1159-4

    17. Bhamra, R., Dani, S., & Burnard, K. (2011). Resilience: the concept, a literature review, and future directions. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5375–5393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2011.563826

    18. Bhatt, P., & Altinay, L. (2013). How is social capital leveraged in social innovations under resource constraints? Management Decision, 51(9), 1772-1792. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2013-0041

    19. Bloom, P. N., & Smith, B. R. (2010). Identifying the drivers of social entrepreneurial impact: theoretical development and an exploratory empirical test of SCALERS. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420670903458042

    20. Bocken, N. M. P., Farracho, M., Bosworth, R., & Kemp, R. (2014). The front-end of eco-innovation for eco-innovative small and medium-sized companies. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 31, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2013.10.004

    21. Bornstein, D. (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, Updated Edition. Oxford University Press.

    22. Bowen, F. E., Rostami, M., & Steel, P. (2010). Timing is everything: A meta-analysis of the relationships between organisational performance and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1179–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j. jbusres.2009.10.014

    23. Braunerhjel, P. & Hamilton, U. (2012, February 1). Social entrepreneurship-a survey of current research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Social-entrepreneurship-%E2%80%93-a-survey-of-current-Braunerhjelm-Hamilton/88191e067987d09236a2f2ad15ebd11d32761d80

    24. British Council (2018). The state of social enterprise in Malaysia. https://www.britishcouncil.org/society/social-enterprise/reports/state-social-enterprise

    25. Brooks, A. C. (2008). Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Pearson.

    26. Brown, R., & Rocha, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial uncertainty during the Covid-19 crisis: Mapping the temporal dynamics of entrepreneurial finance. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, p. 14, e00174. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j. jbvi. 2020.e00174

    27. Brown, R., Rocha, A., & Cowling, M. (2020). Financing entrepreneurship in times of crisis: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the market for entrepreneurial finance in the United Kingdom. International Small Business Journal, 38(5), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620937464

    28. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2006). The design and implementation of cross-sector collaborations: Propositions from the literature. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), pp. 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00665.x

    29. Burnard, K., & Bhamra, R. (2011). Organisational resilience: development of a conceptual framework for organisational responses. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5581–5599. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00207543.2011.563827

    30. Burt, R. S. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks, 19(4), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(97)00003-8

    31. Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K.-H. (2017). Univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: Prevalence, influence, and estimation. Behaviour Research Methods, 49(5), 1716-1735. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0814-1

    32. Camacho, D., Panizo-Lledot, Á., Bello-Orgaz, G., Gonzalez-Pardo, A., & Cambria, E. (2020). The four dimensions of social network analysis: An overview of research methods, applications, and software tools. Information Fusion, 63, 88-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.05.009

    33. Camps, S., & Marques, P. (2014). Exploring how social capital facilitates innovation: The role of innovation enablers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 88, 325-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.10.008

    34. Caselli, S., Gatti, S., & Perrini, F. (2009). Are venture capitalists a catalyst for innovation? European Financial Management, 15(1), 92-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2008.00445.x

    35. Chalmers, D. (2012). Social innovation: An exploration of the barriers innovating organisations face in the social economy. Local Economy, 28(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094212463677

    36. Chalmers, D. M., & Balan-Vnuk, E. (2012). Innovating not-for-profit social ventures: Exploring the microfoundations of internal and external absorptive capacity routines. International Small Business Journal, 31(7), 785-810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242612465630

    37. Chang, C. F., & Tuckman, H. P. (2010). Income diversification. In A. S. Bruce & R. Y. Dennis (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Nonprofit Economics and Management. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/ 9781849803526.00010

    38. Chapman, M. (2000). When the entrepreneur sneezes, the organisation catches a cold'': A practitioner's perspective on the state-of-the-art research on the entrepreneurial personality and the entrepreneurial process. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 135943200398102

    39. Cheah, J., Amran, A., & Yahya, S. (2019). External oriented resources and social enterprises' performance: The dominant mediating role of formal business planning. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 117693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117693

    40. Cheah, J., Amran, A., & Yahya, S. (2019). Internal-oriented resources and social enterprises' performance: How can social enterprises help themselves before helping others? Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 607-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.203

    41. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modelling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217.

    42. Chiu, C.-M., Hsu, M.-H., & Wang, E. T. G. (2006). Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems, 42(3), 1872-1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.dss.2006.04.001

    43. Chong, H. G. (2008, January 2). Measuring Performance of Small-and-Medium Sized Enterprises: The Grounded Theory Approach. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers. cfm?abstract_id=3542952

    44. Chowdhury, M., Prayag, G., Orchiston, C., & Spector, S. (2018). Postdisaster social capital, adaptive resilience, and business performance of tourism organisations in Christchurch, New Zealand. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1209–1226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518794319

    45. Chu, H., & Ke, Q. (2017). Research methods: What is in the name? Library & Information Science Research, 39(4), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.lisr.2017.11.001

    46. Corner, P. D., & Ho, M. (2010). How opportunities develop in social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 635-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00382.x

    47. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. (2022). Choosing a mixed-methods design. In J. W. Creswell & V. Plano Clark (Eds.), Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications Inc. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/designing-and-conducting-mixed-methods-research/book241842#contents

    48. Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we do not need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.3.37

    49. Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(2), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620410001677835

    50. Dart, R. (2004). The legitimacy of social enterprise. Non-profit Management and Leadership, 14(4), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.43

    51. Dato-on, M. C., Banerjee, S., & Roy, M. (2018). Innovation support and small-firm performance in India: A social capital perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60(5), 797-807. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21909

    52. de Bruin, A., Shaw, E., & Lewis, K. V. (2017). The collaborative dynamic in social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(7-8), 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328902

    53. De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x

    54. Deakins, D., Ishaq, M., Smallbone, D., Whittam, G., & Wyper, J. (2007). Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0266242607076530

    55. Dees, J. G. (2008). Philanthropy and enterprise: Harnessing the power of business and social entrepreneurship for development. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 3(3), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1162/ itgg.2008.3.3.119

    56. Dees, J. G. (2022). The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship https://centers.fuqua.duke.edu/case/knowledge_items/the-meaning-of-social-entrepreneurship

    57. Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2003). For-profit social ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2(1), 1–26.

    58. Defourny, J., & Kim, S.-Y. (2011). Emerging models of social enterprise in Eastern Asia: a cross‐country analysis. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(1), 86-111. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508611111130176

    59. Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2017). Fundamentals for an international typology of social enterprise models. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-profit Organisations, 28(6), 2469-2497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9884-7

    60. Dencker, J. C., Bacq, S., Gruber, M., & Haas, M. (2021). Reconceptualising necessity entrepreneurship: A contextualised framework of entrepreneurial processes under basic needs. Academy of Management Review, 46(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0471

    61. Desa, G., & Basu, S. (2013). Optimization or bricolage? Overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(1), 26-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1150

    62. Di Domenico, M., Tracey, P., & Haugh, H. (2009). The dialectic of social exchange: theorising corporate—Social enterprise collaboration. Organisation Studies, 30(8), 887–907. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609334954

    63. Di Zhang, D., & Swanson, L. A. (2013). Social entrepreneurship in non-profit organisations: An empirical investigation of the cooperation between social and business objectives. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 25(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2013.759822

    64. Diochon, M., & Anderson, A. R. (2011). Ambivalence and ambiguity in social enterprise; narratives about values reconciling purpose and practices. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0161-0

    65. Doherty, B. (2011). Resource advantage theory and fair-trade social enterprises. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(4), 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0965254X.2011.581379

    66. Drayton, W. (2002). The citizen sector: Becoming as entrepreneurial and competitive as business. California Management Review, 44(3), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166136

    67. Dubini, P., & Aldrich, H. (1991). Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90021-5

    68. Dufays, F., & Huybrechts, B. (2014). Connecting the dots for social value: A review on social networks and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 214-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2014. 918052

    69. Dufays, F., & Huybrechts, B. (2015). Where do hybrids come from? Entrepreneurial team heterogeneity as an avenue for the emergence of hybrid organisations. International Small Business Journal, 34(6), 777-796. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0266242615585152

    70. Duysters, G. (2006). Collaboration and innovation: a review of the effects of mergers, acquisitions, and alliances on innovation. Strategic Direction, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/sd.2006.05622ead.007

    71. Dźwigoł, H. (2019). Research methods and techniques in new management trends: research results. Virtual Economics, 2(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.34021/ ve.2019.02.01(2)

    72. Ecer, S., Magro, M., & Sarpça, S. (2016). The relationship between Non-profits' revenue composition and their economic-financial efficiency. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(1), 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0899764016649693

    73. Edwards, P., Roberts, I., Clarke, M., DiGuiseppi, C., Pratap, S., Wentz, R., & Kwan, I. (2002). Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: a systematic review. BMJ, 324(7347), 1183. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1183

    74. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10--11), 1105–1121. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/3094429

    75. Email, F. A. R., Abumandil, M. S. S., Alkhawaja, M. I., Siam, I. M., & Alaklouk, S. A. A. (2021). Augmented reality and virtual reality revolutionise business transformation in digital marketing tech industry analysts and visionaries during Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1182955

    76. Elkington, J., Hartigan, P., & Schwab, K. (2008). The Power of Unreasonable People: How Social Entrepreneurs Create Markets That Change the World. Harvard Business Review Press.

    77. Emerson, J. (2003). The blended value proposition: Integrating social and financial returns. California Management Review, 45(4), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 41166187

    78. Enders, C. K. (2003). Using the expectation-maximisation algorithm to estimate coefficient alpha for scales with item-level missing data. Psychological Methods, 8(3), 322-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.322

    79. Esser, F., & Vliegenthart, R. (2017). Comparative research methods. In M. Jörg (Ed.), The International Encyclopaedia of Communication Research Methods (pp. 1-22). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731. iecrm0035

    80. Fahy, J. (2000). The resource‐based view of the firm: some obstacles on the road to understanding sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(2/3/4), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/0309059 0010321061

    81. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A Primer for Soft Modelling. University of Akron Press.

    82. Felício, J. A., Martins Gonçalves, H., & da Conceição Gonçalves, V. (2013). Social value and organisational performance in non-profit social organisations: Social entrepreneurship, leadership, and socioeconomic context effects. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 2139-2146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013. 02.040

    83. Fink, A. (2003). The Survey Handbook. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986328

    84. Florin, J., Lubatkin, m., & Schulze, w. (2003). a social Capital Model of High-Growth Ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 374-384. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040630

    85. Fowler, A. (2000). NGDOs as a moment in history: Beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic innovation? Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 637–654. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993370

    86. Franke, G. R., Preacher, K. J., & Rigdon, E. E. (2008). Proportional structural effects of formative indicators. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1229–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.011

    87. Frese, M., Krauss, S. I., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., Heers, C., Unger, J., & Friedrich, C. (2007). Business owners' action planning and its relationship to business success in three African countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1481-1498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1481

    88. Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial Least Squares: Regression and Structural Equation Models. Statistical Associates Publishers.

    89. Gee. (2014). Social enterprises in Asia: An introductory guide. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/18117/18117.pdf

    90. Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural equation modelling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.17705/ 1cais.00407

    91. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step. Taylor & Francis.

    92. Germak, A. J., & Singh, K. K. (2009). Social entrepreneurship: Changing the way social workers do business. Administration in Social Work, 34(1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/03643100903432974

    93. Gillett, A., Loader, K., Doherty, B., & Scott, J. M. (2016). A multi-organisational cross-sectoral collaboration: empirical evidence from an 'Empty Homes' project. Public Money & Management, 36(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09540962.2016.1103413

    94. Giones, F., Brem, A., Pollack, J. M., Michaelis, T. L., Klyver, K., & Brinckmann, J. (2020). Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186

    95. Gong, F., Xiong, Y., Xiao, J., Lin, L., Liu, X., Wang, D., & Li, X. (2020). China's local governments are combating COVID-19 with unprecedented responses — from a Wenzhou governance perspective. Frontiers of Medicine, 14(2), 220-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0755-z

    96. Gorzeń-Mitka, I. (2016). Shaping of organisational resilience in an unstable world: possibility or necessity? Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 11(2), 68-70. https://doi.org/10.33225/pmc/16.11.68

    97. Granados, M. L., Hlupic, V., Coakes, E., & Mohamed, S. (2011). Social enterprise and social entrepreneurship research and theory: A bibliometric analysis from 1991 to 2010. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(3), 198-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508611111182368

    98. Gras, D., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2012). Strategic foci in social and commercial entrepreneurship: A comparative analysis. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2012.660888

    99. Gras, D., & Mendoza-Abarca, K. I. (2014). Risky business? The survival implications of exploiting commercial opportunities by non-profit. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.05.003

    100. Gregory, B. T., Rutherford, M. W., Oswald, S., & Gardiner, L. (2005). An empirical investigation of the growth cycle theory of small firm financing. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00143.x

    101. Griffith, D. A., & Harvey, M. G. (2004). The influence of individual and firm-level social capital of marketing managers in a firm's global network. Journal of World Business, 39(3), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2004.04.004

    102. Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and strong capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 397-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199905)20:5<397: AID-SMJ35>3.0.C.O.;2-K Henry, C. (2015). Doing well by doing good: opportunity recognition and the social enterprise partnership. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 6(2), 137–160.

    103. Lee, Battilana, J., & Wang, T. (2014). Building An Infrastructure for Empirical Research on Social Enterprise: Challenges and Opportunities. Research Methodology in Strategy and Management, 9, 241-264. doi:10.1108/S1479-838720140000009017

    104. Linnenluecke, M. K. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4-30.

    105. Liu, Eng, T.-Y., & Takeda, S. (2015). Investigating Marketing Capabilities and Social Enterprise Performance in the U.K. and Japan. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2), 267-298. doi:10.1111/etap.12041

    106. Liu, T., S., & Ko, W. W. (2014). Strategic Orientation and Social Enterprise Performance. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(3), 480–501. doi:10.1177/0899764012468629