Masalah jerebu dan persepsi masyarakat di Selangor terhadap impak kesihatan
List of Authors
  • Mastura Mahmud , Noor Azwanie Ridzwan

Keyword
  • Jerebu, kemerosotan kesihatan, tahap merbahaya, rentas sempadan, Selangor

Abstract
  • Fenomena jerebu rentas sempadan yang berlaku di Malaysia lazimnya yang berpunca daripada kebakaran hutan tak terkawal di Sumatera dan Kalimantan di Indonesia. Peristiwa jerebu dan kemerosotan kualiti udara di negeri Selangor dikaji di samping mendapatkan persepsi penduduk berkenaan jerebu dan impak serta risiko keterdedahan kepada kesihatan mereka dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantititif dan kualitatif. Kualiti udara di empat stesen cerapan di Selangor selama 10 tahun dari 2008 ke 2017 dianalisis melalui statistik deskriptif bagi menilai Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) dan zarah terampai berdiameter kurang daripada 10 mikrometer (PM10) di Selangor. IPU melebihi nilai 300 sewaktu tiga kejadian jerebu rentas sempadan dari 2013, 2014 dan 2015, manakala nilai PM10 tertinggi adalah 595 g/m3 pada tahun 2013, 466 g/m3 (2014) dan 426 g/m3 pada 2015. Penduduk di Selangor telah terdedah kepada tahap kualiti udara merbahaya selama beberapa hari dalam ketiga tahun tersebut. Majoriti masyarakat dalam kumpulan pendapatan B40 berpandangan bahawa mereka berisiko dan terdedah kepada gejala kesihatan seperti penyakit peparu, sakit jantung, penyakit kulit, darah tinggi dan batuk kering sewaktu jerebu berdasarkan pengalaman mereka menempuhi kejadian jerebu. Secara umumnya, jerebu rentas sempadan kerap berlaku di Selangor dalam tempoh 10 tahun dan pengetahuan penduduk terhadap isu kesihatan berkaitan masih lagi boleh ditingkatkan demi menjaga kesejahteraan dan kesihatan penduduk di semua negara di rantau.Asia Tenggara.

Reference
  • 1. Abdul Ghani, F., Nor Redzuan, N. I., Mohd Nasir, N. F., & Salamat, M. (2017) Review on ASEAN Transboundary Haze Pollution Agreement 2002: Problems and Solutions. Journal of Humanities, Language, Culture, and Business, 1(1): 153-16.
    2. Afroz, R., Hassan, M.N. & Ibrahim, N.A. 2003. Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia. Environmental Research, 92(2), 71-77.
    3. Aizudin Saad. (2019). Pesakit akibat jerebu meningkat 40%. Berita Harian, 3 Mac 2020. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/09/609773/pesakitakibatjerebumeningkat-40-%.
    4. Anon. (2020). Kumpulan isi rumah B40, M40, T20 terbahagi pada 10 kategori. Berita Harian. Julai 10, 2020. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/07/709371/kumpulan-isi-rumah-b40-m40-t20-terbahagi-pada-10-kategori.
    5. Bernama. (2019b). Keadaan jerebu punca penyakit pernafasan meningkat. Astro Awani. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/keadaan-jerebu-punca.
    6. Bernama. (2020). Pelbagai langkah diperlukan tangani isu jerebu - Pakar Perladangan. Astro Awani, Julai 29, 2020. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/pelbagai-langkah-diperlukan-tangani-isu-jerebu-pakar-perladangan-253152.
    7. Bernama.. (2019a). Kronologi jerebu di Malaysia. Utusan Borneo Online. https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2019/09/22/kronologi-jerebu-di-malaysia.
    8. DOSM (2017). Selected statistics population migration. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=125&bul_id=RldLdXFnQUppeGM5Yk1HODlTMVl6UT09&menu_id=U3VPMldoYUxzVzFaYmNkWXZteGduZz09.
    9. DOSM (2018). Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri 2017. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=d21BMHFxZFBIcFlCNExIYUQ1cE92Zz09.
    10. DOSM (2019). Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri 2018. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=alB5MjBOVFduRkxQTU1wNCtYaEZBdz09.
    11. DOSM Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011). Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Updated: 05/08/2011)
    12. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09.
    13. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2020). Laporan Survei Pendapatan Isi Rumah & Kemudahan Asas 2019. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=cE13dXFSRFVQL2IrTUhJNE5vRXRXZz09.
    14. Kamarudin, F. 2019. Jerebu: 214 sekolah di Selangor ditutup. Berita Harian. September 18, 2019. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/09/607999/jerebu-214-sekolah-di-selangor-ditutup.
    15. Khan, M.F., Sulong, N.A., Latif, M.T., Nadzir, M.S.M., Amil, N., Hussain, D.F.M., Lee, V., Hosaini, P.N., Shaharom, S., Yusoff, N.A.Y.M., Hoque, H.M.S., Chung, J.X., Sahani, M., Mohd Tahir, N., Juneng, L., Maulud, K.N.A., Abdullah, S.M.S., Fujii, Y., Tohno, S. & Mizohata, A. (2016). Comprehensive assessment of PM2.5 physicochemical properties during the Southeast Asia dry season (southwest monsoon). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121(14): 589-611 .
    16. Lakshmi, P.V., Virdi, N.K., Thakur, J.S., Smith, K.R., Bates, M.N., & Kumar, R. (2012). Biomass fuel and risk of tuberculosis: a case-control study from Northern India. Journal Epidemiology Community Health, 66(5):457-61.
    17. Liu, Y., Cui, L., Hou, L., Yu, C. B., Tao, N.N., Liu, J. Y., Li, Y.F., Zhou, C. C., Yang, G. R., & Li, H. C. (2018). Ambient air pollution exposures and newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in Jinan, China: A time series study. Science Report, 8, 17411 (2018).
    18. Nurumal, M. S. & Sheikh Abdul Karim, S. (2015). Out of hospital cardiac arrest in Kuala Lumpur: incidence; adherence to protocol; and issues: a mixed method study. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 15 (3): 94-103.
    19. Othman, J., Sahani, M., Mahmud, M., Ahmad, M. K. (2014). Transboundary smoke haze pollution in Malaysia: inpatient health impacts and economic valuation. Environtal Pollution, 189:194-201.
    20. Page, S.E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H.-D.V., Adi, J., & Limin, S. (2002). The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature, 420, 61–65.
    21. Parzi, M.N. (2019). 5 negara ASEAN tingkat kerjasama tangani jerebu rentas sempadan. Berita Harian. 8 Ogos 2019. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/08/594035/5-negara-asean-tingkat-kerjasama-tangani-jerebu-rentas-sempadan.
    22. Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Air Pollution. https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution (12 Julai 2020)
    23. SelangorKini (2019). Selangor catat peratusan penduduk tertinggi. https://selangorkini.my/en/2016/07/selangor-catat-peratusan-penduduk-tertinggi-negara/.
    24. Wijaya, A., Chrysolite, H., Ge, M., Wibowo, C. K., Pradana, A., Utami, A. F., & Austin, K. (2017). How can Indonesia achieve its climate change mitigation goal? An analysis of potential emissions reductions from energy. World Resources Institute, 1-36. https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/how-can-indonesia-achieve-its-climate-change-mitigation-goal-analysis-potential-emissions-reductions-from-energy-land-use-policies_0.pdf.
    25. WHO. (2006). Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Summary of risk assessment. World Health Organization 2006 http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair_aqg/en/index.html
    26. WHO. (2020). Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/airpollution/en/ (12 Julai 2020),
    27. Yang, B.Y., Qian, Z., Howard, S. W., Vaughn, M. G., Fan, S. J., Liu, K. K., & Dong, G. H. (2018). Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Review Environmental Pollution, 235:576-588.
    28. Zhao, R., Chen, S., Wang, W., Huang, J., Wang, K., Liu, L., Wei, S. (2016). The impact of short-term exposure to air pollutants on the onset of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis International Journal Cardiology, 226:110-117.