Pengaruh iklim kesatuan hubungan industri dan keberkesanan sekerja terhadap amalan interest based bargaining (ibb) dalam kalangan pemimpin kesatuan sekerja di Sabah
List of Authors
  • Kee.Y.Sabariah Kee Mohd Yussof

Keyword
  • Interest Based Bargaining (IBB), iklim hubungan industri, keberkesanan kesatuan sekerja, majikan, kesatuan sekerja

Abstract
  • Amalan Interest Based Bargaining (IBB) merupakan strategi perundingan yang menjadi alternatif kepada perundingan distributif. Proses IBB bertujuan untuk mengurangkan konflik dan permusuhan ketika perundingan di antara majikan dan kesatuan sekerja. Tujuan utama kertas kerja ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti pengaruh iklim hubungan industi dan keberkesanan kesatuan sekerja terhadap amalan IBB. Berdasarkan kajian yang melibatkan 166 orang pemimpin kesatuan sekerja di Sabah, dapatan kajian menunjukkan iklim hubungan industri dan keberkesanan kesatuan sekerja merupakan peramal yang baik terhadap IBB

Reference
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    2. Aminuddin. (2017). Human Resource Management: Principles and Practices. Oxford University Press Balasubramaniam A.Tarumarajaak,Fatimah Omar,Fatimah Wati, Sarah. (2015) .The Relationship Between Union Organizaion and UnionEffectiveness: The Role of Type Of Union as Moderator. Social and Behavioral Sciences (211),34-41. Bacon, N., & Blyton, P. (2007). Conflict for mutual gains? Journal of Management Studies.44(5), 814-834.
    3. Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Bremermann, E. H. (1991). Preemployment predictors of union attitudes: The role of family socialization and work beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology,76(5), 725–731.
    4. Baron, K. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). Moderator-mediator variables distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
    5. Bolton, D., Bagraim, J. J., Witten, L., Mohamed, Y., Zvobgo, V., & Khan, M. (2007). Explaining union participation: The effects of union commitment and demographic factors. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(1), 74–79.
    6. Bamberger, P.A., Kluger, A.N., Abraham, N., & Suchard, R. (1999). The antecedents and consequences of union commitment: A meta- analysis. Academy of Management Journal. 42(3), 304–318.
    7. Bryman Alan & Bell Emma. (2007). Business Research Methods.Oxford: Universiti Press.
    8. Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 1 (3), 185-216.
    9. Calhoun S. Patrick & Smith P. Willan. (1999). Integrative Bargaining : Does Gender make a difference. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(3), 203–224.
    10. Chang L.C. (2011). A Comparison of Taiwan and Malaysia in Negotiation Styles. Journal Of International Management Studies, 6 (1),1-8.
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    14. Daud, Z., & Tumin, S. (2013). The Relationship between Employees ’ Need and the Formation of Trade Union : The Malaysian Manufacturing Company ’ s Experience. Human Resource Management Studies, 4(13), 124–134.
    15. Dastamalchian A. et al. (1989).Industrial Relations Climate ; Testing a Contract. The British Psychological Society. 62 (1). DeCotiist & Le-Louarn (1981). A Predictive Study of Voting Behavior inRepresentation Election Using Union Instrumentality and Work Perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27, 103-118.
    16. Deborah M. Kolb & Williams J. (2004). Shadow Negotiation and the Interest-Based Approach at Kaiser Permanente. Negotiation Journal, 20(1), 37–46.
    17. Deery, S. J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005). Labor-Management Cooperation : Antecedents and Impact on Organizational Performance. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 58(4), 588–609.
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    21. Gamage, P. N., & Hewegama, G. V. (2012). Determinants of Union Participation of Public Sector Organizations in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 19–31.
    22. Garaudel Pierre. (2008). Overcoming the risks of restructuring through the integrative bargaining process: Two case studies in a French context. Human Relation, 61 (9), 1293-1331.
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    26. Johari, H. (2006). Union Commitment: A case of two Malaysian Unions (The Amalgamated Union of Employees in Government Clerical and Allied Services and the National Union of Banking Employees). Tesis PHD. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    27. Johari, H., & Ghazali, S. (2011). Exploring Commitment Among Union Members : Perspective and Direction. Review of Business, 7(4), 104–117.
    28. Kee Mohd Yussof,K.Y.S.(2012). Persepsi kesatuan sekerja terhadap perubahan perundingan tradisional kepada amalan Interest Base Bargaining. Kertas Kerja dibentangkan di International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC8), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Julai 2012.
    29. Kumar, N., Lucio, M. M., & Rose, R. C. (2013). Workplace industrial relations in a developing environment: Barriers to renewal within unions in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51(1), 22–44. Kumar, R. (2012). The Impact of Employment of Foreign Workers: Local Employability and Trade Union Roles in Malaysia. Journal of Academic, 2(10), 530–541.
    30. Leib Leventhal. (2006). Implimenting Interest Based Negotiation: Condition for success with evidence. Dispute Resolution Journal, 61, 50–58.
    31. “Len Seng Workers Continue Picket” dlm http://www.labourcentre.org/n.Dilihat pada April 2005.
    32. Lewicki, R.J., B. Barry, D. M. S. (2007). Employment Relations understanding the employment relationship (5th Editio). Boston: Mc Graw Hill / Irwin.
    33. Lewis Philip, T. A. & S. M. (2003). Employment Relations understanding the employment relationship. England: Prentice Hall.
    34. Lucy A. Newton & Lynn Mcfarlane Shore. (1992). A Model of union membership, Instrumentality, commitment and opposition. The Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 275–298.
    35. Lytle, A. L., Brett, J. M., & Shapiro, D. L. (1999). In Practice Rights , and Power to Resolve Disputes, (January), 31–51.
    36. Magenau, J. M., Martin, J. E., & Peterson, M. M. (1988). Dual and Unilateral Commitment Among Stewards and Rank-and-File Union Members. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 359–376.
    37. Mahkamah Perusahaan Malaysia kes no. 5/2- 145/08 di antara KesatuanSekerja Bank Sabah dengan Sabah Commercial Banks Association, Award no: 1412 tahun 2008 www.amco.org.my/nindustrialcourtaward/1412of2008.pdf dilihat pada 15 Mei 2011.
    38. McKersie, R. B., Sharpe, T., Kochan, T. A., Eaton, A. E., Strauss, G., & Morgenstern, M. (2008). Bargaining theory meets interest-based negotiations: A case study. In Industrial Relations.
    39. McKersie, R., & Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. (2009). Labor-management relations: Understanding and practicing effective negotiations. Negotiation Journal, 25(4), 499–514.
    40. Metochi, M. (2002). The Influence of Leadership and Member Attitudes in Understanding the Nature of Union Participation. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40(1), 87–111.
    41. Michael, B., & Michael, R. (2012). Interest Based Bargaining: Innovating from the Basics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(9).
    42. Miller, J. K., Farmer, K. P., Miller, D. J., & Peters, L. M. (2010). Panacea or Snake Oil? Interest-Based Bargaining in the U.S. Airline and Rail Industries. Negotiation Journal.26(2),177-201.
    43. Mike, L. (2007). Exploring Employee Relation . USA: Elsevier Newman Alexendra, Cooper Brian,Hollan Petter .(2018). How do industrial relations climate and union instrumentality enhance employee performance? The mediating effects of perceived job security and trust in management. Human Resource Management Journal. 58(1), 35-44.
    44. Newton, L.A. & Shore, L.M. (1992). A Model of union membership, Instrumentality, commitment and opposition. The Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 275–298. Pallant Julie. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS (4ed.), Australia: McGraw-Hill International.
    45. Parasuraman, Balakrishnan & SatryaAryana. (2009). The present scenario of Malaysian and Indonesian Industrial Relations: Accomodation or Conflictual. Asian Profile, 37(1), 35-54.
    46. Paquet, R.,I.Geatan & J.Berseron (2007). Does Interest-Based Bargaining (IBB) really make a difference in collective bargaining outcomes? Negotiation Journal, 16(3), 281–296.
    47. Poon June M. L. (2002). Pengurusan Sumber Manusia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
    48. Posthuma, R. A., White, G. O., Dworkin, J. B., Yánez, O., & Stella Swift, M. (2006). Conflict resolution styles between co‐workers in US and Mexican cultures. International Journal of ConflictManagement,17(3),242–260.
    49. Provis Chris. (2000). Ethics, deception and labor negotiation. Journal Of Business Ethics, 28(2), 145–158. Renaud Paquet, I. G. andJean-G. B. (2007). Does Interest-Based Bargaining (IBB) Really Make a Difference in Collective Bargaining Outcomes? Negotiation Journal, 16(3), 281–296.
    50. Rognes, J. K., & Schei, V. (2010). Understanding the integrative approach to conflict management. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(1), 82–97.
    51. Rose, E. (2008). Employment Relation. England: Pearson Education Limited.
    52. Rose, R. C., Kumar, N., & Gani, H. (2008). Unions’ Perception Toward Changing Landscape of Industrial Relations in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2).
    53. Rose, R.C., Kumar, N., & Gani, H. (2008c). Bargaining priorities in the new economy: A survey of Malaysian Employee Unions. Research Journal Of Internasional Studies,7, 32-42.
    54. Rubin, B., & Rubin, R. (2006). Labor-Management relations : conditions for collaboration. Public Personnel Management,35(4),283-298.
    55. Sabitha Marican. (2006). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial Pendekatan Pragmatik. Kuala Lumpur: Edu System Sdn Bhd.
    56. Satish P. Deshpande & Jack Fiorito. (1989). Specific and General Beliefs in Union Voting models. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 883–897.
    57. Sekaran Uma & Bougie Roger. (2010). Research Methods for Business A Skill Building Approach (5th Edition). United Kingdom: Wiley.
    58. Sidek Mohd. Noah. (2002). Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan Falsafah, Teori dan Praktis. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
    59. Sinclair, R. R., & Tetrick, L. E. (1995). Social exchange and union commitment : a comparison of union instrumentality and union support perceptions, 16(November 1994), 669–681.
    60. Singh, S. K. G. (2009). A study on employee participation in decision making. UNITAR E-Journal, 5(1), 20–38. Sorenson, R. L., Morse, E. A., Savage, G. T., Morse, E. A., & Savage, G. T. (1999). A Test of the motivations underlying choice of conflict strategies in the Dual Concern Model. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(1), 25-44.
    61. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, I,. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics. (6 ed.).USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
    62. Tetrick, L. E., Shore, L. M., McClurg, L. N., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2007). A model of union participation: the impact of perceived union support, union instrumentality, and union loyalty. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 820–8. Thomas A. DeCotiis & Jean-Yves Lelouarn. (1981). A predictive study of voting behaviour in a representation election using union instrumentality and work perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27(1), 103–118.
    63. Villiers, D. De. (1999). Interest Based Bargaining : The Role of the Trust Relationship between Employer and Employee, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences (SAJEMS) 2(3), 442–450.
    64. Wad, P. (2012). Revitalizing the Malaysian Trade Union Movement: The Case of the Electronics Industry. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(4), 494–509.
    65. Youngblood, S.A., Denisi, A.S, Molleston, J.L & Mobley, W. . (1984). The Impact of Work Environment, Instrumentality Beliefs, Perceived Labour Union Image and Subjective Norm on Union Voting Intentions. Academy of Management Journal, 27(1), 579–590.
    1. Abd. Kadir Hamdan. (2008). Pekerja Industri Isu dan Teknik Penyelesaiannya. (Halimah Ma’alip,Ed.) Johor Darul Ta’zim: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
    2. Aminuddin. (2017). Human Resource Management: Principles and Practices. Oxford University Press Balasubramaniam A.Tarumarajaak,Fatimah Omar,Fatimah Wati, Sarah. (2015) .The Relationship Between Union Organizaion and UnionEffectiveness: The Role of Type Of Union as Moderator. Social and Behavioral Sciences (211),34-41. Bacon, N., & Blyton, P. (2007). Conflict for mutual gains? Journal of Management Studies.44(5), 814-834.
    3. Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Bremermann, E. H. (1991). Preemployment predictors of union attitudes: The role of family socialization and work beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology,76(5), 725–731.
    4. Baron, K. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). Moderator-mediator variables distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
    5. Bolton, D., Bagraim, J. J., Witten, L., Mohamed, Y., Zvobgo, V., & Khan, M. (2007). Explaining union participation: The effects of union commitment and demographic factors. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(1), 74–79.
    6. Bamberger, P.A., Kluger, A.N., Abraham, N., & Suchard, R. (1999). The antecedents and consequences of union commitment: A meta- analysis. Academy of Management Journal. 42(3), 304–318.
    7. Bryman Alan & Bell Emma. (2007). Business Research Methods.Oxford: Universiti Press.
    8. Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 1 (3), 185-216.
    9. Calhoun S. Patrick & Smith P. Willan. (1999). Integrative Bargaining : Does Gender make a difference. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(3), 203–224.
    10. Chang L.C. (2011). A Comparison of Taiwan and Malaysia in Negotiation Styles. Journal Of International Management Studies, 6 (1),1-8.
    11. Cutcher- Gershenfeld,J., Kochan, T. & Wells, J. C. (2001). In whose interest? A first look at national survey data on interest-based bargaining in labour relations. Industrial Relation Journal, 40(1), 1–21.
    12. Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J., & Kochan, T. A. (2004). Taking stock: Collective Bargaining at the turn of the century. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 58(1), 3–26.
    13. Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J., Kochan, T., Ferguson, J. P., & Barrett, B. (2007). Collective bargaining in the twenty-first century: A negotiations institution at risk. Negotiation Journal.23(3), 249-265.
    14. Daud, Z., & Tumin, S. (2013). The Relationship between Employees ’ Need and the Formation of Trade Union : The Malaysian Manufacturing Company ’ s Experience. Human Resource Management Studies, 4(13), 124–134.
    15. Dastamalchian A. et al. (1989).Industrial Relations Climate ; Testing a Contract. The British Psychological Society. 62 (1). DeCotiist & Le-Louarn (1981). A Predictive Study of Voting Behavior inRepresentation Election Using Union Instrumentality and Work Perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27, 103-118.
    16. Deborah M. Kolb & Williams J. (2004). Shadow Negotiation and the Interest-Based Approach at Kaiser Permanente. Negotiation Journal, 20(1), 37–46.
    17. Deery, S. J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005). Labor-Management Cooperation : Antecedents and Impact on Organizational Performance. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 58(4), 588–609.
    18. Fauzi Hussin, J. A. & M. S. Z. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan dan Analisis Data SPSS. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
    19. Fonstad, N. O., Mckersie, R. B., & Eaton, S. (2004). Interest-Based Negotiations in a Transformed Labor–Management Setting. Negotiation Journal, (5).
    20. Field Andy.(2013). Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics.London: Sage.
    21. Gamage, P. N., & Hewegama, G. V. (2012). Determinants of Union Participation of Public Sector Organizations in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 19–31.
    22. Garaudel Pierre. (2008). Overcoming the risks of restructuring through the integrative bargaining process: Two case studies in a French context. Human Relation, 61 (9), 1293-1331.
    23. Gatchalian, J. C. (1998). Principled negotiations: the key to successful collective bargaining. Management Decision, 36(4), 222–225 Hair, J. F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson,R.E., & Tatham, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson International.
    24. Hargrove, S. (2010). Interest-based bargaining: achieving improved relationships through collaboration. Library Management, 31(4/5), 229–240.
    25. Hinkin, Timothy, Holtom, Brooks C.Klag, M. (2007). Collaborative Research: Organizational Dynamics, 36(1), 105–118.
    26. Johari, H. (2006). Union Commitment: A case of two Malaysian Unions (The Amalgamated Union of Employees in Government Clerical and Allied Services and the National Union of Banking Employees). Tesis PHD. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    27. Johari, H., & Ghazali, S. (2011). Exploring Commitment Among Union Members : Perspective and Direction. Review of Business, 7(4), 104–117.
    28. Kee Mohd Yussof,K.Y.S.(2012). Persepsi kesatuan sekerja terhadap perubahan perundingan tradisional kepada amalan Interest Base Bargaining. Kertas Kerja dibentangkan di International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC8), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Julai 2012.
    29. Kumar, N., Lucio, M. M., & Rose, R. C. (2013). Workplace industrial relations in a developing environment: Barriers to renewal within unions in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51(1), 22–44. Kumar, R. (2012). The Impact of Employment of Foreign Workers: Local Employability and Trade Union Roles in Malaysia. Journal of Academic, 2(10), 530–541.
    30. Leib Leventhal. (2006). Implimenting Interest Based Negotiation: Condition for success with evidence. Dispute Resolution Journal, 61, 50–58.
    31. “Len Seng Workers Continue Picket” dlm http://www.labourcentre.org/n.Dilihat pada April 2005.
    32. Lewicki, R.J., B. Barry, D. M. S. (2007). Employment Relations understanding the employment relationship (5th Editio). Boston: Mc Graw Hill / Irwin.
    33. Lewis Philip, T. A. & S. M. (2003). Employment Relations understanding the employment relationship. England: Prentice Hall.
    34. Lucy A. Newton & Lynn Mcfarlane Shore. (1992). A Model of union membership, Instrumentality, commitment and opposition. The Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 275–298.
    35. Lytle, A. L., Brett, J. M., & Shapiro, D. L. (1999). In Practice Rights , and Power to Resolve Disputes, (January), 31–51.
    36. Magenau, J. M., Martin, J. E., & Peterson, M. M. (1988). Dual and Unilateral Commitment Among Stewards and Rank-and-File Union Members. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 359–376.
    37. Mahkamah Perusahaan Malaysia kes no. 5/2- 145/08 di antara KesatuanSekerja Bank Sabah dengan Sabah Commercial Banks Association, Award no: 1412 tahun 2008 www.amco.org.my/nindustrialcourtaward/1412of2008.pdf dilihat pada 15 Mei 2011.
    38. McKersie, R. B., Sharpe, T., Kochan, T. A., Eaton, A. E., Strauss, G., & Morgenstern, M. (2008). Bargaining theory meets interest-based negotiations: A case study. In Industrial Relations.
    39. McKersie, R., & Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. (2009). Labor-management relations: Understanding and practicing effective negotiations. Negotiation Journal, 25(4), 499–514.
    40. Metochi, M. (2002). The Influence of Leadership and Member Attitudes in Understanding the Nature of Union Participation. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40(1), 87–111.
    41. Michael, B., & Michael, R. (2012). Interest Based Bargaining: Innovating from the Basics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(9).
    42. Miller, J. K., Farmer, K. P., Miller, D. J., & Peters, L. M. (2010). Panacea or Snake Oil? Interest-Based Bargaining in the U.S. Airline and Rail Industries. Negotiation Journal.26(2),177-201.
    43. Mike, L. (2007). Exploring Employee Relation . USA: Elsevier Newman Alexendra, Cooper Brian,Hollan Petter .(2018). How do industrial relations climate and union instrumentality enhance employee performance? The mediating effects of perceived job security and trust in management. Human Resource Management Journal. 58(1), 35-44.
    44. Newton, L.A. & Shore, L.M. (1992). A Model of union membership, Instrumentality, commitment and opposition. The Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 275–298. Pallant Julie. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS (4ed.), Australia: McGraw-Hill International.
    45. Parasuraman, Balakrishnan & SatryaAryana. (2009). The present scenario of Malaysian and Indonesian Industrial Relations: Accomodation or Conflictual. Asian Profile, 37(1), 35-54.
    46. Paquet, R.,I.Geatan & J.Berseron (2007). Does Interest-Based Bargaining (IBB) really make a difference in collective bargaining outcomes? Negotiation Journal, 16(3), 281–296.
    47. Poon June M. L. (2002). Pengurusan Sumber Manusia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
    48. Posthuma, R. A., White, G. O., Dworkin, J. B., Yánez, O., & Stella Swift, M. (2006). Conflict resolution styles between co‐workers in US and Mexican cultures. International Journal of ConflictManagement,17(3),242–260.
    49. Provis Chris. (2000). Ethics, deception and labor negotiation. Journal Of Business Ethics, 28(2), 145–158. Renaud Paquet, I. G. andJean-G. B. (2007). Does Interest-Based Bargaining (IBB) Really Make a Difference in Collective Bargaining Outcomes? Negotiation Journal, 16(3), 281–296.
    50. Rognes, J. K., & Schei, V. (2010). Understanding the integrative approach to conflict management. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(1), 82–97.
    51. Rose, E. (2008). Employment Relation. England: Pearson Education Limited.
    52. Rose, R. C., Kumar, N., & Gani, H. (2008). Unions’ Perception Toward Changing Landscape of Industrial Relations in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2).
    53. Rose, R.C., Kumar, N., & Gani, H. (2008c). Bargaining priorities in the new economy: A survey of Malaysian Employee Unions. Research Journal Of Internasional Studies,7, 32-42.
    54. Rubin, B., & Rubin, R. (2006). Labor-Management relations : conditions for collaboration. Public Personnel Management,35(4),283-298.
    55. Sabitha Marican. (2006). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial Pendekatan Pragmatik. Kuala Lumpur: Edu System Sdn Bhd.
    56. Satish P. Deshpande & Jack Fiorito. (1989). Specific and General Beliefs in Union Voting models. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 883–897.
    57. Sekaran Uma & Bougie Roger. (2010). Research Methods for Business A Skill Building Approach (5th Edition). United Kingdom: Wiley.
    58. Sidek Mohd. Noah. (2002). Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan Falsafah, Teori dan Praktis. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
    59. Sinclair, R. R., & Tetrick, L. E. (1995). Social exchange and union commitment : a comparison of union instrumentality and union support perceptions, 16(November 1994), 669–681.
    60. Singh, S. K. G. (2009). A study on employee participation in decision making. UNITAR E-Journal, 5(1), 20–38. Sorenson, R. L., Morse, E. A., Savage, G. T., Morse, E. A., & Savage, G. T. (1999). A Test of the motivations underlying choice of conflict strategies in the Dual Concern Model. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 10(1), 25-44.
    61. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, I,. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics. (6 ed.).USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
    62. Tetrick, L. E., Shore, L. M., McClurg, L. N., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2007). A model of union participation: the impact of perceived union support, union instrumentality, and union loyalty. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 820–8. Thomas A. DeCotiis & Jean-Yves Lelouarn. (1981). A predictive study of voting behaviour in a representation election using union instrumentality and work perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27(1), 103–118.
    63. Villiers, D. De. (1999). Interest Based Bargaining : The Role of the Trust Relationship between Employer and Employee, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences (SAJEMS) 2(3), 442–450.
    64. Wad, P. (2012). Revitalizing the Malaysian Trade Union Movement: The Case of the Electronics Industry. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(4), 494–509.
    65. Youngblood, S.A., Denisi, A.S, Molleston, J.L & Mobley, W. . (1984). The Impact of Work Environment, Instrumentality Beliefs, Perceived Labour Union Image and Subjective Norm on Union Voting Intentions. Academy of Management Journal, 27(1), 579–590.