The plantation sector is a cornerstone of Indonesia’s economy, contributing significantly to national GDP, employment, and rural development. Strategic commodities such as palm oil, cocoa, coffee, and rubber are crucial for both domestic and international trade. However, the sector faces mounting global challenges, including climate change, price volatility, and evolving trade policies. In response, partnerships between government, corporations, and smallholder farmers have emerged as a key strategy to enhance sustainability and competitiveness. These partnerships aim to improve access to capital, technology, and markets for smallholders, though implementation is hindered by power imbalances, limited financial access, and weak environmental safeguards. Indonesia’s coffee sector holds significant economic and social potential, particularly for rural communities. However, its development is hindered by systemic challenges, including a shortage of agricultural extension workers focused on coffee, limited access to modern agricultural training, and the absence of integrated programs involving government, NGOs, and the private sector. Although partnership models—where farmers provide land and labor while private entities supply technology, training, and post-harvest support—have shown promise, their implementation remains limited. Achieving the government's target of 8% economic growth by 2028–2029 will require effective downstreaming strategies and structural improvements in partnership models. Ensuring equity, environmental sustainability, and resilience against market shocks is essential for the long-term success of the plantation sector and for realizing the national vision of Golden Indonesia 2045.