The mushrooming of alcohol establishments: a case study of Greenwell Matongo, Windhoek, Namibia
List of Authors
  • Ananias, Janetta Agnes , Hasheela, Miriam Winnie , Schenck, Catherina

Keyword
  • Alcohol establishment, alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, effects, mushrooming

Abstract
  • This qualitative paper aimed at exploring the mushrooming of alcohol establishments in a residential area and potential effects on a community in Namibia. A case study design was applied to explore experiences from 18 participants through in-depth interviews. The purposive sampling method was used to draw participants from various sectors in the community such as self-employed and unemployed persons, shebeen owners, general community members (community councillor, a school teacher, and a police officer), people working at shebeens, and residents who have signed the shebeen consent letter. Data were analyzed employing the thematic data analysis method. The collected data were themed into five major themes, namely economic effects, environmental effects, increase in alcohol consumption, poor parenting and an increase in crime. The paper noted that there is a high density of alcohol outlets which is mostly associated with social, economic and environmental effects. The study concluded that too many alcohol establishments in one community increase the chances of social ills compared to a community where alcohol outlets are fewer. This study recommends policy on a stricter monitoring system of alcohol outlets, especially in low-income communities.

Reference
  • 1. Cameron, M.P., Cochrane, W.R., & Livingston, M. (2016). The relationship between alcohol outlets and harms: A spatial panel analysis for New Zealand, 2007-2014. Health Promotion Agency.Child Care and Protection Act No. 3 of 2015.
    2. Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
    3. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Designs Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. (4th ed). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
    4. De Vos, A.S., Strydom, H., Fouche, C. B., & Delport, C.S.L (2011). Research at grassroots for the social sciences and human service professions. (4th ed). Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.
    5. Franklin, F.A., LaVeist, T.A., Webster, D.W., & Pan, W.K. (2010). Alcohol outlets and violent crime in Washington DC. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11(3), 283-290.
    6. Goeieman, F. (2012, March, 29). Shebeens vital to Namibia's economy. Namibian Sun. Retrieved 28 June, 2017 from http://namibiansun.com.85- 214-47.
    7. Gruenewald, P.J., & Johnson, F.W. (2010). Drinking, driving, and crashing: a traffic-flow model of alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(2), 237-248. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.237.
    8. He, Z., Bishwajit, G., Yaya, S. (2019). "Prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among men and women in Namibia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (1), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010059.
    9. Hobbs, M., Marek, L., Wiki, J., Campbell, M., Deng, B. Y., Sharpe, H., McCarthy, J., & Kingham, S. (2020). Close proximity to alcohol outlets is associated with increased crime and hazardous drinking: Pooled nationally representative data from New Zealand. Health & Place, 65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102397.
    10. Hilukilwa, P. (2019, June, 4). Operating a shebeens beyond trading hours is immoral. Informante. Retrieved 24 August, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/informantenam/posts/2275554762511471?comment_id=2275577882509159\.
    11. Jacob, K.S. (2010). Alcohol and public health policies in India. The National Medical Journal of India, 23. 224-225.
    12. Jiang, H., Xiang, X., Room, R., & Hao, W. (2016). Alcohol and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet. 388. 1279-1280. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31673-7.
    13. Koyama, Y., & Fujiwara, T. (2019). Impact of alcohol outlet density on reported cases of child maltreatment in Japan: Fixed effects analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00265.
    14. Livingston, M., Chikritzhs, T., & Room, R. (2007). Changing the density of alcohol outlets to reduce alcohol-related problems. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(5), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230701499191.
    15. Liquor Act No. 6 of 1998.
    16. Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education, 9(3). https://ojs.aishe.org/aishe/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335.
    17. Makhubele, J.C. (2012). Social exclusion as a contributing factor for the addition of harmful substances to home-made alcohol: the case of Mopani District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 11(1), 17-27.
    18. Masola, K., Rashied, N., Janse van Rensburg, N., & Venter, M. (2019). The impact of shebeens on the local economy: Evidence from Soweto, South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 54(4), 861 –872.
    19. Neshila, K F. (2018). Academic resilience in Mathematics amongst at-risk Grade 10 learners in Namibia: A phenomenology study. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
    20. Nuuyoma, E. (1996). The effects of shebeens on a neighbourhood. (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
    21. O'Leary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project, London: Sage Publication.
    22. Orzeł-Gryglewska, J. (2010). Consequences of sleep deprivation. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 23(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-010-0004-9.
    23. Paterson, S. (2014). A case study of community action against alcohol harm: liquor licensing in Fantame Street, Porirua, 2011-2013. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Otago, Wellington).
    24. Rapholo, S. F., Makhubele, J. C., Ananias, J. A., Svinurai, A., Hasheela, M. W., Hamuse, T. N. I., Freeman, R. J., Mafa, P., Matlakala, F. K., & Chilwalo, B. N. (2019). Non-Governmental Organisations Personnel, Social Workers and religious leaders’ perspectives on the risk factors of alcohol abuse amongst the youth: The case of the northern region of the Republic of Namibia. Global Journal of Health Science, 11(12).
    25. Seibes, B. (2004). A study of social constraints and economic survival strategies of female heads of households operating in the informal sector of Katutura, Windhoek (Unpublished master’s thesis).University of Western Cape. Cape Town, South Africa.
    26. Shanghala, S. (2016, March 1). Eveline Street is Sodom and Gomorrah. New Era. Retrieved 26 June, 2017 from: https://www.newera.com.na/2016/03/01/eveline-street-is-sodom- gomorrah.
    27. Sharley, V., Ananias, J. Rees, A. & Leonard, E. (2019). ‘Child Neglect in Namibia: Emerging themes and future directions’. British Journal of Social Work, 49 (4), 983–1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz043/
    28. Shindondola-Mote, H., & Ohlsonn, J. (2013). Informal Economy & Social Protection in Namibia. A paper prepared for the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), Zambia Office. Zambia.
    29. Shikoyeni, H.N. (2016). Exploring the psycho-social determinants of heavy alcohol drinking amongst women in Oshana, Namibia (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Western Cape.
    30. Sithole, M. (2018). Experiences of gender-based domestic violence among unemployed women in Havana informal settlement-Windhoek. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of the Witwatersrand.
    31. Slutske, W. S., Deutsch, A. R., & Piasecki, T. M. (2018). Neighborhood density of alcohol outlets moderates genetic and environmental influences on alcohol problems. Addiction, 114,815–822. doi:10.1111/add.14534.
    32. Taber-Thomas, S. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2020). Association between mothers’ alcohol use histories and deficient parenting in an economically disadvantaged sample. Child maltreatment, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520925550.
    33. Tang, A. M., Hamunime, N., Adams, R.A., Kanyinga, G., Fischer Walker, C., Agolory, S., Prybylski, D., Mutenda, N., Sughrue, S., Walker, D.D., Rennie, T., Zahralban Steele, M., Kerrigan, A., & .Hong, S. Y. (2019). Introduction of an Alcohol Related Electronic Screening and Brief Intervention (eSBI) Program to reduce hazardous alcohol consumption in Namibia’s Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Program. AIDS and Behavior, 23:3078–3092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02648-9.
    34. Trangenstein, P. J., Curriero, F. C., Webster, D., Jennings, J. M., Latkin, C., Eck, R., & Jernigan, D. H. (2018). Outlet type, access to alcohol, and violent crime. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 42(11), 2234–2245. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13880.
    35. Van der Hoog, T. 2019. Breweries, politics and identity: The history behind Namibian beer. Switzerland: Basle Afrika Bibliograffen.
    36. Vesiko, K. (2013). Strategically targeting the shebeen market in Namibia with social media (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). University of Applied Sciences, Haaga-Helia.
    37. World Health Organization. (2018). Alcohol. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
    38. Zhu, L., Gorman, D.M., & Horel, S. (2004). Alcohol outlet density and violence: a geospatial analysis. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39(4), 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh062