Peningkatan kehadiran tentera Rusia di Kepulauan Kuril
List of Authors
  • Mohd Ikbal Mohd Huda , Zulfiqar Mohd Yusof

Keyword
  • Realisme defensif, keselamatan nasional, pertikaian Kepulauan Kuril, Rusia, Jepun

Abstract
  • Pertikaian wilayah antara Rusia dan Jepun hanya membabitkan Selatan Kuril. Peningkatan kehadiran tentera Rusia di Selatan Kuril telah mencetuskan reaksi dan bantahan daripada Jepun. Jepun turut menunjukkan reaksi kurang senang terhadap peningkatan kehadiran tentera Rusia di pulau-pulau lain di dalam Kepulauan Kuril yang tidak dituntut oleh Tokyo dan kawasan sekitarnya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mendorong Rusia meningkatkan kehadiran tentera di Kepulauan Kuril dan kawasan sekitarnya ketika pentadbiran Dmitri Medvedev dan Vladimir Putin setelah kembali menjadi presiden Rusia pada tahun 2012 sehingga kini. Selain itu, bukti-bukti peningkatan kehadiran tentera Rusia turut dianalisis bagi menunjukkan bahawa faktor-faktor peningkatan kehadiran tentera di Kepulauan Kuril dan kawasan sekitarnya adalah selaras dengan hujahan yang dikemukakan. Untuk memahami tindakan oleh Rusia, teori realisme defensif dan konsep keselamatan nasional telah diaplikasikan di dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa, kehadiran tentera Rusia di Kepulauan Kuril dan kawasan sekitarnya kian meningkat ketika era Dmitri Medvedev dan Vladimir Putin atas faktor kepentingan strategik dan keselamatan nasional yang merangkumi pertahanan Timur Rusia. Kedua, ancaman luaran serta pemilikan berterusan terhadap Selatan Kuril turut mempengaruhi tindakan Rusia. Ketiga, laut Okhotsk yang menjadi sebahagian daripada strategi pencegahan konvensional dan nuklear Soviet telah menyebabkan Kepulauan Kuril begitu penting untuk dikekalkan dibawah kedaulatan Moscow. Keempat, faktor global seperti pengepungan Amerika Syarikat terhadap Rusia melalui penempatan pelbagai sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu yang menganjur dari Eropah sehingga ke Asia Timur turut mendorong Rusia meningkatkan lagi kehadiran tenteranya di Kepulauan Kuril.

Reference
  • 1. Amanzholov, M. Z & Akhmetov, B. Y. 2013. Japanese-Russian territorial disagreements and their international legal substantiations. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (Special issue of Politics and Law): 16-24.
    2. Asmadi Hassan, Rohayati Paidi & Mohd Ikbal Mohd Huda. 2017. Pemindaan perkara 9 perlembagaan Jepun dalam pentadbiran Shinzo Abe. Akademika 87 (3): 151-162.
    3. Ankov, V. 2016a. Bal and Bastion: Meet two coastal defense systems Russia deployed to Kurils. Sputnik News, 22 November. https://sputniknews.com/military/201611221047718343- bal-bastion-defense-systems/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    4. Ankov, V. 2016b. Kurils 'Integral part of Russia, it deploys there whatever deems necessary'. Sputnik News, 26 November. https://sputniknews.com/politics/201611261047868130- russia-japan-kuril-islands/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    5. Ankov, V. 2017a. How Russian Fleet copes with US-NATO military challenge in Asia-Pacific. Sputnik News, 21 April. https://sputniknews.com/politics/201704211052858798-russia- fleet-us-asia-pacific/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    6. Ankov, V. 2017b. Russia builds an integrated defense line on its Eastern flank. Sputnik News, 24 February. https://sputniknews.com/russia/201702241051006680-russia-far-east-defense/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    7. Bukh, A. 2012. Constructing Japan’s ‘Northern Territories’: domestic actors, interests, and the symbolism of the disputed islands. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 12: 483- 509.
    8. Chesnokova, E. 2017. Japan's Defense Chief Wants to discuss Russian plan to deploy division on Kurils. Sputnik News, 24 February. https://sputniknews.com/politics/201702241051004339-japan-russia-kurils-division/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    9. Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma of the Russian Federation. 2019. Anton Morozov: The protest of Japan in connection with the exercises in the Kuril Islands is completely unjustified. http://interkomitet.com/about-the-committee/blogs/anton-morozov/anton-morozov-the-protest-of-japan-in-connection-with-the-exercises-in-the-kuril-islands-is-completely-unjustified/. Retrieved on: 19 October 2019.
    10. Dhaka Tribune. 2016. Kuril Islands and Russia Japan dispute. http://www.dhakatribune.com/world/europe/2016/12/15/kuril-islands-russia-japan-dispute/. Retrieved on: 7 September 2017.
    11. Glaser, L. C. 2010. Realism. In Contemporary Security Studies, Second Edition, edited by Collins, A, 15-32. New York: Oxford University Press.
    12. Hamilton, J. E & Rathbun, C. B. 2013. Scarce Differences: Toward a material and systemic foundation for offensive and defensive realism. Security Studies 22 (3): 436-465.
    13. Hawk, J., Deiss, D. & Watson, E. 2016. Russia Defense Report: Kuril Islands Dispute. https://southfront.org/russia-defense-report-kuril-islands-dispute/. Retrieved on: 18 January 2018.
    14. Japan Times. 2019a. High-ranking Russian officials visit island disputed by Japan. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/27/national/politics-diplomacy/high-ranking- russian-officials-visit-island-disputed-japan/#.Xar4pOYzZdg. Retrieved on: 19 October 2019.
    15. Japan Times. 2019b. Russia begins military drill on disputed islands off Hokkaido. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/12/national/politics-diplomacy/russia-begins- military-drill-disputed-islands-off-hokkaido/. Retrieved on: 19 October 2019.
    16. Kazuhiko Togo. 2011. The inside story of the negotiations on the Northern Territories: five lost windows of opportunity. Japan Forum 23 (1): 123-145.
    17. Koji Furukawa. 2011. Bordering Japan: towards a comprehensive perspective. Journal of Borderlands Studies 26 (3): 297-314.
    18. Kapur, K. D. 2012. Russia–Japan Relations: Politico-strategic importance of the disputed Southern Kurile Islands/Northern Territories. India Quarterly 68 (4): 385-405.
    19. Kamarulnizam Abdullah. 2012. Mengkonseptualisasikan keselamatan nasional Malaysia. In Keselamatan Nasional Malaysia, edited by Kamarulnizam Abdullah, 49-64. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
    20. Keck, Z. 2014. Russia conducts military drill on disputed Kuril Islands. https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/russia-conducts-military-drill-on-disputed-kuril-islands/. Retrieved on: 21 March 2018.
    21. Krivosheyev, S. 2016a. Five reasons why Russia cannot give Kuril Islands to Japan. Sputnik News, 12 September. https://sputniknews.com/politics/201609121045235663-kuril- islands-russia-japan/. Retrieved on: 7 June 2017.
    22. Krasnouhov, S. 2016. Lavrov: Russia will neither give Kurils to Japan nor 'beg' for peace deal. Sputnik News, 31 May. https://sputniknews.com/politics/201605311040524161-russia- kurils-lavrov/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    23. Krasilnikov, S. 2017. Defense Ministry to form four divisions in 2017, including one to protect Kurils. Tass, 22 February. http://tass.com/defense/932370. Retrieved on: 7 June 2017.
    24. Litovkin, N. 2016. Russia to strengthen its eastern outposts on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. https://www.rbth.com/defence/2016/06/03/russia-to-strengthen-its-eastern-outposts-on- sakhalin-and-the-kuril-islands_599877. Retrieved on: 20 August 2017.
    25. Liskin, A. 2016. Why Russia needs new naval base on Kuril Islands. Sputnik News, 30 June. https://sputniknews.com/military/201606301042235967-russia-base-kurils/. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    26. Mihoko Kato. 2013. Japan and Russia at the beginning of the twenty-first century: New dimension to maritime security surrounding the “Kuril Islands”. Kertas Perbincangan UNISCI.
    27. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014a. Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan on the sanctions against Russia over the situation in Ukraine. http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_000281.html. Retrieved on: 21 March 2018.
    28. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014b. Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan on the additional measures over the situation in Ukraine. http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press2e_000003.html. Retrieved on: 21 March 2018.
    29. Mainichi Japan. 2018. Japan protests Russian military drills on disputed isles. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180207/p2g/00m/0dm/053000c. Retrieved on: 7 March 2018.
    30. Osborn, A. 2018. New Russian barracks on disputed islands draws protest from Japan. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-russia-islands/new-russian-barracks-on-disputed-islands-draws-protest-from-japan-idUSKBN1OG1PV. Retrieved on: 19 October 2019.
    31. Pollmann, M & Miller, B. 2016. Russia vs. Japan: Asia's forgotten island fight. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/russia-vs-japan-asias-forgotten-island-fight-15942. Retrieved on: 6 June 2017.
    32. Plopsky, G. 2016. How Russia Is Bolstering Missile Defense in its Far East. https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/how-russia-is-bolstering-missile-defense-in-its-far-east/. Retrieved on: 18 January 2018.
    33. Presidential Executive Office of Russia. 2016. Interview by Vladimir Putin to Nippon TV and Yomiuri newspaper. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53455. Retrieved on: 25 September 2020.
    34. Presidential Executive Office of Russia. 2017. St Petersburg International Economic Forum plenary meeting. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54667. Retrieved on: 26 September 2020.
    35. Presidential Executive Office of Russia. 2018. Vladimir Putin’s annual news conference. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/59455. Retrieved on: 26 September 2020.
    36. Ramli Dollah & Zainus Sagi Khusyairy Pangkas. 2017. Aktor bukan negara dan keselamatan nasional di Malaysia: Tentera Diraja Sulu dan pencerobohan Lahad Datu, 2013. Akademika 87 (3): 15-29.
    37. Sharkov, D. 2016. Russia Calls Military Drill On Disputed Kuril Islands. Newsweek, 21 October. http://www.newsweek.com/russia-kicks-military-drill-far-east-amidst-japan-island- dispute-512534. Retrieved on: 9 October 2017.
    38. Sharkov, D. 2017. Russian Forces Launch Live Fire Drill In Region Disputed With Japan. Newsweek, 4 September. http://www.newsweek.com/russian-forces-launch-live-fire-drill- region-disputed-japan-659076. Retrieved on: 9 October 2017.
    39. Tang Siew Man. 2007. Japan’s grand strategic shift from Yoshida to Koizumi: Reflections on Japan’s strategic focus in the 21st century. Akademika 70 (1): 117-136.
    40. The Straits Times. 2017. 4 more Thaad missile defence launchers to be deployed in South Korea. http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-to-announce-approval-of- environment-report-for-thaad-deployment-on-monday. Retrieved on: 4 September 2017.
    41. The Moscow Times. 2019. Japan protests Russian military drills on disputed island. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/08/05/japan-protests-russian-military-drills-on- disputed-island-a66711. Retrieved on: 22 October 2019.
    42. Valencia, M. J. 1991. Southern Kuril/Northern Territories resource potential. GeoJurnal 24 (2): 227-231.
    43. Waltz, N. K. 2010. Theory of International Politics. Illinios: Waveland Press.
    44. Walker, B. J. 2015. Archipelagic ambiguities: the demarcation of modern Japan. 1868-1879. Island Studies Journal 10 (2): 197-222.
    45. Xinhua News. 2011. Importance of Southern Kuril Islands. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-02/12/c_13729119.htm. Retrieved on: 7 June 2017.
    46. Zulfiqar Mohd Yusof & Mohd Ikbal Mohd Huda. 2018. Sistem Aegis Daratan untuk Jepun. Perajurit. 3, Mac.
    47. Zulfiqar Mohd Yusof. 2018a. Sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu Amerika Syarikat di Asia Timur. Perajurit. 3, Mac.
    48. Zulfiqar Mohd Yusof. 2018b. Sistem pemintas misil balisitik mengepung Rusia. Perajurit. 7, Julai.
    49. Zulfiqar Mohd Yusof. 2018c. Kepulauan Kuril: Disebalik latihan tentera Rusia. Perajurit. 7, Julai.