In the current education system, exploring and analyzing the implementation of thematic activities under the concept of Montessori education has a non-negligible value for improving the quality of teaching and enriching educational theories. Montessori education, as an educational method focusing on children's self-exploration and independent learning, emphasizes the promotion of children's all-round development in daily life, senses, language, mathematics, science and culture in a well-prepared environment through free-choice activities. This educational approach aims to develop children's independence, self-confidence, and creativity. This study aims to explore, through empirical analysis, how thematic activities under the Montessori educational philosophy affect children's learning and development in practical application. Through interviews and observations, this study aims to explore the implementation of thematic activities under the Montessori educational philosophy and their impact on children's development, with a view to providing references and lessons for the practice of Montessori education in China. It promotes the further application and development of Montessori education philosophy, and at the same time provides theoretical and practical basis for improving the quality of education under the current education system.