1. Anthony, R., Young, H., Hewitt, G., Sloan, L., Moore, G., Murphy, S., & Cook, S. (2023). Young people's online communication and its association with mental well‐being: results from the 2019 student health and well‐being survey. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(1), 4-11.
2. Barthorpe, A., Winstone, L., Mars, B., & Moran, P. (2020). Is social media screen time really associated with poor adolescent mental health? A time use diary study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 864-870.
3. Chan, T. K., Cheung, C. M., & Lee, Z. W. (2021). Cyberbullying on social networking sites: A literature review and future research directions. Information & Management, 58(2), 103411.
4. Cloninger, C. R. (2006). The science of well-being: an integrated approach to mental health and its disorders. World psychiatry, 5(2), 71.
5. Colak, M., Bingol, O. S., & Dayi, A. (2023). Self-esteem and social media addiction level in adolescents: The mediating role of body image. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(5), 595-600.
6. Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2019). “The rise of social media”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media' [Online Resource]
7. Granrud, M. D., Steffenak, A. K. M., & Theander, K. (2019). Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents in Eastern Norway: Results from a cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(2), 157-165.
8. Griffith, D. A., Lee, H. S., & Yalcinkaya, G. (2022). The use of social media and the prevalence of depression: a multi-country examination of value co-creation and consumer well-being. International Marketing Review, 39(1), 1-31.
9. Hampton, K. N., & Shin, I. (2023). Disconnection more problematic for adolescent self-esteem than heavy social media use: Evidence from access inequalities and restrictive media parenting in rural America. Social Science Computer Review, 41(2), 626-647.
10. Hancock, J. T., Liu, S. X., Luo, M., & Mieczkowski, H. (2022). Social media and psychological well-being. In S. C. Matz (Ed.), The psychology of technology: Social science research in the age of Big Data (pp. 195–238). American Psychological Association.
11. Heffer, T., Good, M., Daly, O., MacDonell, E., & Willoughby, T. (2019). The longitudinal association between social-media use and depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults: An empirical reply to Twenge et al.(2018). Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 462-470.
12. Hena, M., & Garmy, P. (2020). Social jetlag and its association with screen time and nighttime texting among adolescents in Sweden: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 122.
13. Howe, S. (April 27, 2023). Social Media Statistics for Malaysia. https://www.meltwater.com/en/blog/social-media-statistics-malaysia
14. Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‐being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied psychology: health and well‐being, 1(2), 137-164.
15. Iannotti, R. J., Janssen, I., Haug, E., Kololo, H., Annaheim, B., Borraccino, A., & HBSC Physical Activity Focus Group. (2009). Interrelationships of adolescent physical activity, screen-based sedentary behaviour, and social and psychological health. International journal of public health, 54, 191-198.
16. James, K. M., Silk, J. S., Scott, L. N., Hutchinson, E. A., Wang, S., Sequeira, S. L., ... & Ladouceur, C. D. (2023). Peer connectedness and social technology use during COVID-19 lockdown. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 1-12.
17. Karim, F., Oyewande, A. A., Abdalla, L. F., Ehsanullah, R. C., & Khan, S. (2020). Social media use and its connection to mental health: a systematic review. Cureus, 12(6).
18. Keyes, C. L. (2006). Subjective well-being in mental health and human development research worldwide: An introduction. Social Indicators Research, 77, 1-10.
19. Keyes, C. L., & Waterman, M. B. (2003). Dimensions of well-being and mental health in adulthood. In Well-being (pp. 477-497). Psychology Press.
20. Maheux, A. J. (2020). Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescent Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms: The Roles of Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness and Gender (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
21. Meshi, D., Cotten, S. R., & Bender, A. R. (2020). Problematic social media use and perceived social isolation in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Gerontology, 66(2), 160-168.
22. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine,6(7), e1000097.
23. Moitra, P., & Madan, J. (2022). Impact of screen time during COVID-19 on eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Indian adolescents. PloS one, 17(3), e0264951.
24. Mougharbel, F., Chaput, J. P., Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Hamilton, H. A., Colman, I., Leatherdale, S. T., & Goldfield, G. S. (2023). Heavy social media use and psychological distress among adolescents: the moderating role of sex, age, and parental support. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1190390.
25. Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Cattle, C. J., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Baker, F. C. (2022). Screen time use among US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(1), 94-96.
26. Paakkari, L., Tynjälä, J., Lahti, H., Ojala, K., & Lyyra, N. (2021). Problematic social media use and health among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1885.
27. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906.
28. Piteo, E. M., & Ward, K. (2020). Social networking sites and associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents–a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 25(4), 201-216.
29. Ren, Z., Xin, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, D., Ho, R. C., & Ho, C. S. (2021). What factors are most closely associated with mood disorders in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic? A cross-sectional study based on 1,771 adolescents in Shandong Province, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 728278.
30. Santos, R. M. S., Mendes, C. G., Sen Bressani, G. Y., de Alcantara Ventura, S., de Almeida Nogueira, Y. J., de Miranda, D. M., & Romano-Silva, M. A. (2023). The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 1-21.
31. Scott, H., Biello, S. M., & Woods, H. C. (2019). Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study. BMJ Open, 9(9), e031161.
32. Shan, X., Ou, Y., Ding, Y., Yan, H., Chen, J., Zhao, J., & Guo, W. (2021). Associations between internet addiction and gender, anxiety, coping styles and acceptance in university freshmen in South China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 558080.
33. Shankleman, M., Hammond, L., & Jones, F. W. (2021). Adolescent social media use and well-being: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis. Adolescent Research Review, 6, 471-492.
34. Smith, D., Leonis, T., & Anandavalli, S. (2021). Belonging and loneliness in cyberspace: impacts of social media on adolescents’ well-being. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 12-23.
35. Szwarcwald, C. L., Malta, D. C., Barros, M. B. D. A., de Souza Júnior, P. R. B., Romero, D., de Almeida, W. D. S., ... & de Pina, M. D. F. (2021). Associations of sociodemographic factors and health behaviors with the emotional well-being of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6160.
36. Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Kristjansson, A. L., Allegrante, J. P., Lilly, C. L., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2020). Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents. Preventive medicine, 141, 106270.
37. Tkacová, H., Králik, R., Tvrdoň, M., Jenisová, Z., & Martin, J. G. (2022). Credibility and Involvement of social media in education: recommendations for mitigating the negative effects of the pandemic among high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2767.
38. Toma, C. L., Chen, Y. A., Olson, C., Fan, T., & Brown, B. B. (2020). Youth Social Media Use and Well‐Being. The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, 1-10.
39. Valkenburg, P., Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021). Social media use and adolescents’ self-esteem: Heading for a person-specific media effects paradigm. Journal of Communication, 71(1), 56-78.
40. Vallejos, E. P. (2018). Use of digital media for self-expression in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the Media, 187.
41. Viner, R. M., Gireesh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L. D., Goddings, A. L., Ward, J. L., & Nicholls, D. E. (2019). Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: a secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(10), 685-696.
42. West, M., Rice, S., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2023). Mid-adolescents’ social media use: supporting and suppressing autonomy. Journal of Adolescent Research, p.07435584231168402.
43. World Population Review (2023). Social Media Users by Country 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/social-media-users-by-country. Retrieved 29/12/2023
44. Xu, X., Han, W., & Liu, Q. (2023). Peer pressure and adolescent mobile social media addiction: Moderation analysis of self-esteem and self-concept clarity. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1115661.
45. Xue, Y., Xue, B., Zheng, X., Shi, L., Liang, P., Xiao, S., ... & Zhang, C. (2023). Associations between internet addiction and psychological problems among adolescents: description and possible explanations. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1097331.
46. Zahoor, K. (2022). Fear of missing out and social curiosity as predictors of social media addiction in young adults of Pakistan. Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review, 4(1), 65-81.