A critical examination of Bangladeshi’s educational institutions to evaluate the interaction of moral values between servant leadership and power distance
List of Authors
  • Mahbuba Sarkar Shama , Md. Mohidul Islam

Keyword
  • Moral Values, Power Distance, Servant Leadership

Abstract
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the moral interactions between power distance and servant leadership by conducting a critical analysis of Bangladeshi educational institutions. The educational administration framework in Bangladesh is the subject of our study, with particular reference to the policies of schools, colleges, and universities. The results are measured using five Likert scale questionnaires, and they are then input into SME using STATA software. As a result, there is currently a hierarchical, top-down administration that continuously puts educational management and administration before moral principles. The moral principles that uphold the connection between the theory of power distance and the servant leader as the foundational theoretical framework for moral principles. This study opens up a new perspective on the idea that moral values are fundamental to the way society is structured because they affect how individuals interact, how institutions function, and how communities thrive. Their impact is far-reaching, touching on everything from domestic relationships to global events.

Reference
  • 1. Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. (2020a). Servant leadership and academics’ engagement in higher education: Mediation analysis. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(6), 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2020.1774036 2. Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. H. (2020b). Servant leadership and academics outcomes in higher education: The role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. 3. Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. H. (2021). Servant leadership and academics outcomes in higher education: The role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 562–584. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-11-2019-1923 4. Afaq, A., Sajid, M. A., & Arshad, A. (2017). Examining the impact of Servant Leadership on teachers’job Satisfaction. Pakistan Business Review, 18(4), 1031–1047. 5. Ahmad, D. K. (2019). Prophetic Leadership Model for Today: An Appraisal. 3(1), 16. 6. Akehurst, G., Comeche, J. M., & Galindo, M.-A. (2009). Job satisfaction and commitment in the entrepreneurial SME. Small Business Economics, 32(3), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9116-z 7. Ali, A. J. (2008). International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. Managerial Finance, 34(10), mf.2008.00934jaa.001. https://doi.org/10.1108/mf.2008.00934jaa.001 8. Alvinius, A., Johansson, E., & Larsson, G. (2017). Job satisfaction as a form of organizational commitment at the military strategic level: A grounded theory study. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2015-0919 9. Asadullah, M. N., & Chaudhury, N. (2010). Religious Schools, Social Values, and Economic Attitudes: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 38(2), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.014 10. Bangladesh & Parisaṃkhyāna Byuro. (2012). 2011 statistical yearbook of Bangladesh = Bāṃlādeśa parisaṃkhyāna barshagrantha-2011. 11. Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31(3), 300–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601106287091 12. Bhardwaj, D. S. K. (n.d.). Contesting Identities in Bangladesh: A Study of Secular and Religious Frontiers. 27. 13. Bordin, C., Bartram, T., & Casimir, G. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of psychological empowerment among Singaporean IT employees. Management Research News, 30(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710724287 14. Brouns, T., Externbrink, K., & Blesa Aledo, P. S. (2020). Leadership beyond Narcissism: On the Role of Compassionate Love as Individual Antecedent of Servant Leadership. Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10020020 15. Budhwar, P. S. (2000). Indian and British personnel specialists’ understanding of the dynamics of their function: An empirical study. International Business Review, 9(6), 727–753. 16. Bush, T., & Sargsyan, G. (2020). Educational leadership and Management: Theory, policy, and Practice. Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology, 3(3), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v3i3.255 17. Carless, S. A. (2004). Does psychological empowerment mediate the relationship between psychological climate and job satisfaction? Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(4), 405–425. 18. Cerit, Y. (2009). The Effects of Servant Leadership Behaviours of School Principals on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37(5), 600–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143209339650 19. Chowdhury, R., & Sarkar, M. (2018). Education in Bangladesh: Changing Contexts and Emerging Realities. In R. Chowdhury, M. Sarkar, F. Mojumder, & M. M. Roshid (Eds.), Engaging in Educational Research (Vol. 44, pp. 1–18). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0708-9_1 20. Crisp, G., Taggart, A., & Nora, A. (2015). Undergraduate Latina/o Students: A Systematic Review of Research Identifying Factors Contributing to Academic Success Outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 85(2), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314551064 21. Daniëls, E., Hondeghem, A., & Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational Research Review, 27, 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.003 22. De Cremer, D. (2003). Why inconsistent leadership is regarded as procedurally unfair: The importance of social self-esteem concerns. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(4), 535–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.162 23. Dierendonck, D. van. (2011). Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4). 24. Dinibutun, S. R. (2020). Leadership: A Comprehensive Review of Literature, Research and Theoretical Framework. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.01.177 25. Dutta, B., & Islam, K. M. (2016). Role of Culture in Decision Making Approach in Bangladesh: An Analysis from the Four Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede. 13(2), 9. 26. Eade, J. (1994). Identity, Nation and Religion: Educated Young Bangladeshi Muslims in London’s `East End’. International Sociology, 9(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/026858094009003006 27. Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004 28. Fernandez, A. A., & Shaw, G. P. (2020). Academic Leadership in a Time of Crisis: The Coronavirus and COVID‐19. Journal of Leadership Studies, 14(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21684 29. Franco, M., & Antunes, A. (2020). Understanding servant leadership dimensions: Theoretical and empirical extensions in the Portuguese context. Nankai Business Review International, 11(3), 345–369. https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-08-2019-0038 30. Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Rogers, T., & Gasevic, D. (2016). Learning analytics should not promote one size fits all: The effects of instructional conditions in predicting academic success. The Internet and Higher Education, 28, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.10.002 31. Georgolopoulos, V., Papaloi, E., & Loukorou, K. (2018). Servant Leadership as a Predictive Factor of Teachers Job Satisfaction. European Journal of Education, 1(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejed.v1i2.p15-28 32. Goh, S. Y., Kee, D. M. H., Ooi, Q. E., Boo, J. J., Chen, P. Y., Alosaimi, A., & Ghansal, M. (2020). Organizational culture at Starbucks. Journal of the Community Development in Asia (JCDA), 3(2), 28–34. 33. Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press. 34. Gümüsay, A. A. (2019). Embracing Religions in Moral Theories of Leadership. Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0130 35. Haas, M. R. (2010). The Double-Edged Swords of Autonomy and External Knowledge: Analyzing Team Effectiveness in a Multinational Organization. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 989–1008. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.54533180 36. Haque, Sk. T. M., & Mohammad, S. N. (2013). Administrative Culture and Incidence of Corruption in Bangladesh: A Search for the Potential Linkage. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(13), 996–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.791308 37. Hauff, S., & Richter, N. (2015). Power distance and its moderating role in the relationship between situational job characteristics and job satisfaction: An empirical analysis using different cultural measures. Cross Cultural Management, 22(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCM-11-2013-0164 38. Hidayati, N. N. (2019). Telling About Islamic Heroes And Female Leaders: Ways Of Implanting Self-Concept, Moral, And Religious Value On Children. Auladuna : Jurnal Prodi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 1(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.36835/au.v1i2.227 39. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (london and new york, McGraw hill). House, RJ, Hanges, PJ, Javidan, M., Dorfman, PW, & Gupta, V.(Eds. 2004), Airaksinen, 1–25. 40. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage publications. 41. Hossain, M. Z. (2019). Principal Leadership Challenges in Schools and Colleges in Bangladesh: A Case Study. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3(6), 168–170. 42. Howladar, M. H. R., & Rahman, Md. S. (2020). Servant Leadership (SL) in the Context of Bangladesh: International Journal of Applied Management Theory and Research, 2(2), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAMTR.2020070104 43. Huque, A. S., & Akhter, M. Y. (1987). The Ubiquity of Islam: Religion and Society in Bangladesh. Pacific Affairs, 60(2), 200. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758132 44. Ingwu, E. U., & Ekefre, E. N. (2006). A Framework for measurement of teacher productivity in Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Education Philosophy, 2(2), 1–10. 45. Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67–90. 46. Kaur, P. (2018). Mediator Analysis of Job Satisfaction: Relationship between Servant Leadership and Employee Engagement. Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research, 17(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972622518804025 47. Kriger, M., & Seng, Y. (2005). Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 771–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.007 48. Kutsyuruba, B., Klinger, D. A., & Hussain, A. (2015). Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well-being: A review of the literature. Review of Education, 3(2), 103–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3043 49. Leithwood, K., & Day, C. (2007). Starting with What we Know. In C. Day & K. Leithwood (Eds.), Successful Principal Leadership In Times Of Change (pp. 1–15). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5516-1_1 50. Liden, R. C., Panaccio, A., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., & Wayne, S. J. (2014). Servant Leadership: Antecedents, Processes, and Outcomes. Servant Leadership, 27. 51. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006 52. Locke, K. D. (2020). Power Values and Power Distance Moderate the Relationship Between Workplace Supervisory Power and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Personnel Psychology. 53. Mahazan, A. M., Nurhafizah, S., Rozita, A., Siti Aishah, H., Wan Mohd. Fazrul Azdi, W. R., Mohd. Rumaizuddin, G., Yuseri, A., Mohd. Rosmizi, A. R., Muhammad, H., Mohd. Azhar, I. R., Abdullah, A. G., Muhammad Yusuf, K., & Khairunneezam, M. N. (2015). Islamic leadership and Maqasid Al-Shari’ah: Reinvestigating the Dimensions of Islamic Leadership Inventory (Ili) Via Content Analysis Procedures. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 1(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.29171 54. Maldonado, N. L., & Lacey, C. H. (2001). Defining Moral Leadership: Perspectives of 12 Leaders. Florida Journal of Educational Research, 41(1), 79–101. 55. Masum, A. K. M., Azad, Md. A. K., & Beh, L.-S. (2015). Determinants of Academics’ Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Private Universities in Bangladesh. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0117834. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117834 56. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee Commitment and Motivation: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.991 57. Mulford, B. (2008). The leadership challenge: Improving learning in schools. ACER Press. 58. National Education Policy 2010. (2010). Ministry of Education, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 59. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice (Seventh Edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. 60. Parris, D. L., & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1322-6 61. Pont, B. (2014). School Leadership: From Practice to Policy. IJELM – International Journal of Educational Leadership & Management, 1, 4–28. https://doi.org/10.4471/ijelm.2014.07 62. Potrafke, N. (2020). General or central government? Empirical evidence on political cycles in budget composition using new data for OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 63, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101860 63. Prawira, S. (2021). Why is the Influence of Servant Leadership on Affective Commitment to Change Insignificant? Proposing Objective Workplace Spirituality as the Mediator. 4(1), 11. 64. Qazi, M. H., & Shah, S. (2019). A study of Bangladesh’s secondary school curriculum textbooks in students’ national identity construction in an overseas context. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 39(4), 501–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1671806 65. Rahman, S. S. (2015). Job Satisfaction: A Study of Government College Teachers in Bangladesh. 66. Sahito, Z., & Vaisanen, P. (2020). A literature review on teachers’ job satisfaction in developing countries: Recommendations and solutions for the enhancement of the job. Review of Education, 8(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3159 67. Salahuddin, A. N. M. (2011). Perceptions of Effective Leadership in Bangladesh Secondary Schools: Moving towards Distributed Leadership? University of Canterbury Christchurch. 68. Salahuddin, A. N. M. (2012). Challenges to effective leadership of urban secondary schools in Bangladesh: A critical study. 16. 69. Salie, A. (2008). SERVANT-MINDED LEADERSHIP AND WORK SATISFACTION IN ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS: A CORRELATIONAL MIXED STUDY. UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX. 70. Schyns, B., & Sanders, K. (2007). In the Eyes of the Beholder: Personality and the Perception of Leadership. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2345–2363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00261.x 71. Sendjaya, S., Eva, N., Butar Butar, I., Robin, M., & Castles, S. (2019). SLBS-6: Validation of a Short Form of the Servant Leadership Behavior Scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 941–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3594-3 72. Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and Measuring Servant Leadership Behaviour in Organizations: Servant Leadership Behaviour in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x 73. Shekari, H., & Nikooparvar, M. Z. (2012). Promoting Leadership Effectiveness in Organizations: A Case Studyon the Involved Factors of Servant Leadership. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(1), 54–65. 74. Sirin, A. F. (2009). Analysis of relationship between job satisfaction and attitude. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 85–104. 75. Stark R. (1999). Secularization, R.I.P. Sociology of Religion. 60(3), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711936 76. Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., Lockhart, D. E., & Carr, J. C. (2007). Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates’ psychological distress. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1169–1180. 77. Wahid, I. S., & Prince, S. A. (2020). High performance work systems and employee performance: The moderating and mediating role of power distance. J. for Global Business Advancement, 13(6), 755. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2020.113127 78. Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 22. 79. Xu, X., Li, Y., Liu, X., & Gan, W. (2017). Does religion matter to corruption? Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 42, 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.11.005 80. Yang, J., Mossholder, K. W., & Peng, T. K. (2007). Procedural justice climate and group power distance: An examination of cross-level interaction effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 681. 81. Yasin, R. F. B. F., & Jani, Mohd. S. (2013). Islamic Education: The Philosophy, Aim, and Main Features. Academia, 1. 82. Zaccaro, S. J., LaPort, K., & José, I. (2013). The attributes of successful leaders: A performance requirements approach. 83. Zame, M. Y., Hope, W. C., & Respress, T. (2008). Educational reform in Ghana: The leadership challenge. International Journal of Educational Management, 22(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540810853521