Pengaruh aspek spiritualiti terhadap strategi daya tindak golongan wanita dewasa awal
List of Authors
  • Arena Che Kasim , Jamiah Manap , Ummul Aiman Haji Abdul Sani

Keyword
  • Pengaruh, spiritualiti, strategi daya tindak, wanita, dewasa awal

Abstract
  • Kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang mempengaruhi strategi daya tindak golongan wanita dewasa awal di Pulau Pinang. Fokus utama faktor pengaruh adalah dari aspek spiritualiti. Seramai 385 orang wanita dewasa awal yang menetap dan bekerja di Pulau Pinang menjadi responden melalui persampelan berkelompok. Sampel kajian adalah dalam kalangan wanita yang berusia di antara 21 hingga 40 tahun. Alat ujian Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) digunakan untuk mengukur aspek spiritualiti. Manakala strategi daya tindak diukur menggunakan alat ujian Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form (CSI-SF). Analisis ujian ANOVA, korelasi Pearson dan regresi dijalankan bagi melihat perbezaan, hubungan dan juga pengaruh di antara pembolehubah spiritualiti dan strategi daya tindak. Selain itu, maklumat sosio demografik iaitu umur, agama, tahap pendidikan, status pekerjaan, dan pendapatan juga diambilkira dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa hanya agama dan tahap pendidikan mempunyai perbezaan bagi aspek spiritualiti. Bagi strategi daya tindak, hanya faktor agama dan pendapatan mempunyai perbezaan yang signifikan. Hasil kajian juga mendapati pembolehubah spiritualiti mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dan positif dengan strategi daya tindak penglibatan berfokuskan masalah (PFE) dan daya tindak penglibatan berfokuskan emosi (EFE). Walau bagaimanapun, spiritualiti mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan tetapi negatif dengan strategi daya tindak pengunduran berfokuskan masalah (PFD) dan daya tindak pengunduran berfokuskan emosi (EFD). Ujian regresi pula mengesahkan bahawa terdapat pengaruh aspek spiritualiti terhadap strategi daya tindak golongan wanita dewasa awal di Pulau Pinang. Implikasi kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap spiritualiti yang tinggi akan membantu wanita dalam mengaplikasikan strategi daya tindak yang terbaik seterusnya membentuk keadaan psikologi yang sejahtera, kehidupan yang lebih positif serta kebahagiaan yang lebih bermakna dalam kehidupan mereka.

Reference
  • 1. Alexander M. Jr., & Almeida, M. A. 2010. Religion, spirituality, and psychosis. Current psychiatry reports, 12(3): 174-179.
    2. Alyssa, N.B. 2007. Gender Differences in Spiritual Development during the College Years. Sex roles retrieved Sept, 15th, 2016 from http://spirituality.ucla.edu/docs/academic-articles/Gender_Spirituality_SR.pdf
    3. Amar Ahmadi Thalip, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari. 2012. Sumber tekanan, daya tindak dan kesan tekanan dalam kalangan belia wanita berkerjaya di Jabatan Kerajaan Negeri Sabah http://www.myjurnal.my/public/article-view.php?id=75898 diakses pada 23 Disember, 2016. Journal of Youth Studies 6(12)
    4. Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. 2005. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 461 - 480.
    5. Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. 2007. Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 21(1):95-118.
    6. Bank Negara Malaysia. 2015. Annual Report 2015.
    7. Buchko, K.J. 2004. Religious beliefs and practices of college women as compared to college men. Journal of College Student Development 45: 89–98.
    8. Burkhardt, M.A. 1993. Characteristics of spirituality in the lives of women in a rural Appalachian community. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 4(2): 12-18.
    9. Chua Yan Piaw. 2006. Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan Buku 2: Asas Statistik Penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill. Clark, S.C. 2000. Work/Family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/Family Balance. Human Relations 53(6): 747–770.
    10. Cohen, B. H. 2001. Explaining Psychological Statistics (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    11. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. 2003. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2): 76-82.
    12. Cowchock, F. S., Ellestad, S. E., Meador, K. G., Koenig, H. G., Hooten, E. G., & Swamy, G. K. 2011. Religiosity is an important part of coping with grief in pregnancy after a traumatic second trimester loss. Journal of religion and health, 50(4): 901-910.
    13. Christopher, J.E. 2011. Daily Spiritual Experiences and Prosocial Behavior. Social Indicators Research.
    14. Cronbach, L.J., & Shavelson, R.J. 2004. My Current Thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and Successor Procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 64(3), 391-418.
    15. Elkins, D.N., Hedstrom, L.J., Huges, L.L., Leaf, J.A. & Saunders, C. 1988. Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28: 5–18.
    16. Ellison, C. G. 1983. Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 330-340.
    17. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. 1980. An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21: 219-239
    18. Gill, C. S., Barrio, C. A., & Myers, J. E. 2010. Spirituality and religiosity: Factors affecting wellness among low-income, rural women. Journal of Counselling & Development, 88, 293-302.
    19. Glantz, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. 1999. Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
    20. Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C., & Burke, M. T. 2001. Religion and spirituality in coping with stress. Counselling and Values, 46 (1), 2-13.
    21. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. 2015. Laporan kiraan permulaan: Banci penduduk dan perumahan Malaysia 2015. Putrajaya: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
    22. Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga & Masyarakat. 2014. Perangkaan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat Malaysia 2014.
    23. Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga & Masyarakat. 2016. Perangkaan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat Malaysia 2016.
    24. Kessler, R.C., Brandenburg, N., Lane, M., Roy-Byrne P., Stang, P.D., Stein, D.J., & Wittchen, H.U. 2005. Rethinking the Duration Requirement for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Evidence from The National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychology Medicine. 35: 1073-1082.
    25. Kim, Y., & Seidlitz, L. 2002. Spirituality moderates the effects of stress on emotionaland physical adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences., 32(8), 1377-1390.
    26. Koenig, H., King, D., & Carson, V. B. 2012. Handbook of religion and health. Oup USA.
    27. Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30: 607-610.
    28. Krok, D. 2008. The role of spirituality in coping: Examining the relationships between spiritual dimensions and coping styles. Mental health, religion and culture, 11(7), 643-653.
    29. Laubmeier, K. K., Zakowski, S. G., & Bair, J. P. 2004. The role of spirituality in the psychological adjustment to cancer: A test of the transactional model of stress and coping. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11(1), 48-55.
    30. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. 1987. Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1, 141-169.
    31. Lewinsohn, P.M., Joiner, T.E., & Rohde, P. 2001. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis- stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110: 203-215.
    32. Lindano, J.C., & Claudia. A.G. 2015. Older people’s concepts of spirituality, related to aging and quality of life. Journal of Healthy Aging 20(12): 3641-3652.
    33. Livingston, K. A., & Cummings, A. L. 2009. Spirituality and young women in transition: A preliminary investigation. Counselling and Values, 53(3): 224-235.
    34. Lou, H., Furr. S., Flores. C., & Burke, M.T. 2000. Religion and spiritual in coping with stress. Counseling and Values, 46, 2-13.
    35. Masten, A. S., & Wright, M. 2011. Resilience over the lifespan: Developmental perspectives on resistance, recovery, and transformation. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, J. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 213-237). New York: Guilford Press.
    36. Mastura Mahfar, Fadilah Zaini, & Nor Akmar Nordin. 2007. Analisis Faktor Penyebab Stres di Kalangan Pelajar. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 9: 62-72.
    37. Mujib Abdul & Mudzakir, Jusuf. 2001. Nuansa-Nuansa Psikologi Islam. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
    38. Nasrin, P. & Trisha, D.A.M. 2009. Developing and Validating a Questionnaire to Measure Spirituality: A Psychometric Process. Global Journal of Health Science. 1(1): 2-11.
    39. Poelmans, R.L. 2003. Spiritual Transcendence as A Predictor of Psychosocial Outcome from an Outpatient Substance Abuse Program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours. 18: 213–222.
    40. Shiva, G. 2013. A Study on Work Family Balance and Challenges Faced by Working Women. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM). 14(5): 1-4.
    41. Tanyi, R. A. 2002. Towards Clarification of the Meaning of Spirituality. Advanced Nursing. 39 (5):500-509.
    42. Tse, S., Lloyd, Ch., Petchkovsky, L., & Manaia, W. 2005. Exploration of Australian and New Zealand indigenous people’s spirituality and mental health. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 52: 181-187.
    43. Ungerson C, Yeandle, S. 2005. Care Workers and Work-Life Balance: The Example of Domiciliary Careworkers. In: Hounston DM, ed. Work-Life Balance in the 21st Century. 246–262.
    44. Yalim Desen. 2007. First year college adjustment: The role of coping ego-resiliency, option and gender. Tesis School of Social Science of Middle East Technical University.
    45. Yusliza bt Mad Yusof. 2004. Tekanan di kalangan pelajar institusi pengajian tinggi kes di UKM. Latihan Ilmiah. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
    46. Ziaudin, S., 2010. Welcome to postnormal times. Futures, 42(5): 435-444.
    47. Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. 2007. Kecerdasan Spiritual (SQ) Memanfaatkan Kecerdasan Spiritual Dalam Berpikir Integralistik dan Holistik Untuk Memaknai Kehidupan. Bandung: Mizan.