Emoji as a non-verbal language created for Jinuo minority, China
List of Authors
  • Addley Bromeo Biaus , Yunji

Keyword
  • Emoji, Design, Non-Verbal Language (NVL), Culture, Jinuo Minority

Abstract
  • The Jinuo community, officially recognized as an ethnic minority in China in June 1979, represents the final of 55 ethnic groups identified apart from the Han Chinese. This small group, notable for its lack of a written language and reliance on oral tradition, possesses distinct cultural traits. However, it currently confronts the challenges of Sinicization and potential cultural extinction. Larry A. Samovar, a renowned scholar in non-verbal expression, observed that in face-to-face interactions, verbal behaviors communicate only about 35% of social meanings, with the remainder conveyed through non-verbal communication (NVC). Additionally, the use of emojis as a form of non-verbal language (NVL) has gained significant global popularity in online communication. This research aims to explore the utilization of NVC in preserving Jinuo culture, particularly focusing on emoji communication. The study's objectives include a detailed analysis of the NVC practices within the Jinuo community, aboriginals' usage of emojis in communication, and the imperative of developing unique emojis as a NVL tailored for the Jinuo. The research initially developed 2 emojis that encapsulate key cultural symbols of the Jinuo, such as the Jinuo Big Drum and Birth Myths. The new design is intended not just for the Jinuo members but also to spark broader outgroup public interest in Jinuo culture, both among ingroupers and outgroupers. This investigation marks the first exploration into emoji creation specifically for the Jinuo, highlighting its potential as a tool for cultural preservation and awareness.

Reference
  • 1. Aleksic, M. (2013). Possibilities of New Technologies in Promotion of the Cultural Heritage: Danube Virtual. Zhang, G. F., Liu, T. S., Liu S. B. & Zhou, Q. G. 2010. Fine Grained Semantics of Images in Digital Museum. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing (2010). 2. Brook, R. & Servatka, M. (2016). The anticipatory effect of nonverbal communication. Economic Letters, 144, pp.45–48. 3. Brown, T. 2015. Design thinking.” Harvard Business Review. 4. Bleecker, J. 2022. Design fiction: A short essay on design, science, fact, and fiction. Machine Learning and the City: Applications in Architecture and Urban Design, 561-578. 5. Chen, D. F. (2019). 文化变迁背景下基诺族文化传承问题研究=A study on the cultural heritage of the Jinuo people in the context of cultural change. South-Central University for Nationalities. 6. Culture Decanted. (2014). Eating Yourself: We Consume Identity Through Food? Retrieved from https://culturedecanted.com/2014/10/19/eating-yourself-we-consume-identity-through-food/. 7. Curtis, K. R. (2008). Conducting market research using primary data. Assessment and Strategy Development for Agriculture. 8. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research: Developments, debates, and dilemmas. Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry, 315-326. 9. Chaey, C. (2013). Are emoji racist? Fast Company, Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com/3016256/fast-feed/are-emojis-racist. 10. Dong, X. R. (2012). 民族研究的价值探讨——以基诺族研究为例= Exploring the Value of Ethnic Studies - The Case of Jinuo Studies, 2012(01), pp. 11-16. 11. Du, Y.T. (1985). Brief History of Jinuo. Beijing: Ethnic People Press. 12. Du, Y.T. (1996). Brief History of Jinuo Culture. Yunnan Ethnic Press. 13. Danesi, M. (2016). The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet. London: Bloomsbury. 14. Eaves, M. H. & Leathers, D.G. (2018). Successful nonverbal communication: principles and applications (5th edition). New York, Ny: Routledge Is An Imprint Of The Taylor & Francis Group, An Informa Business. ISBN. 9781315542317. 15. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: inter-and intranational differences. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(5), 869. 16. Hartley, J. & Potts, J. (2014). Cultural science: A natural history of stories, demes, knowledge and innovation. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic. 17. Hakami, S. A. A., Hendley, R. J. & Smith, P. (2021). Arabic emoji sentiment lexicon (arab-esl): A comparison between arabic and european emoji sentiment lexicons. In Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop. 18. Hu, D. Y. (2012) Cultural endangerment and education: Educational analysis of changes in cultural transmission of the dongba dance tradition of the naxi people in lijiang, Yunnan, China. Frontiers of Education in China. 19. Isa-Adaniya, A., Alviz-Meza, A., Carlos F, J., & Reyes, R. (2022) A Value-Chain Model for Research in Heritage Conservation: The Research Center for Heritage Conservation in Lima, Peru, Studies in Conservation. 20. Johnston, M. P. (2014). Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has come. Qualitative and quantitative methods in libraries, 3(3), 619-626. 21. Kimura-Thollander, P,. & Kumar, N. (2019). Examining the "Global" Language of Emojis: Designing for Cultural Representation. CHI’ 19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 22. Kukkonen, T,. & Cooper, A. 2017. An arts-based knowledge translation (ABKT) planning framework for researchers. Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426417x15006249072134 23. Luo, Z. Q. (2013). Status quo of the Jinuo language. In: Yuming, L. and Wei, L. ed. Volume 1 2006–2007. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 193-202. 24. Lee, D. (2019). Emoji are showing up in court cases exponentially, and courts aren’t prepared. The Verge, 18 February. 25. Lebduska, L. (2014). Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot: A Revealing Look at the Arts of Persuasion, 1(12). 26. Liu, Z. (2017). Searching for a lost aura: a Naxi Dongba’s spatial practices and space remaking in touristic commoditization. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 16(4), pp.348–364. doi:10.1080/14766825.2017.1332069. 27. LaFrance, M,. & Mayo, C. (1978). Cultural aspects of nonverbal communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2(1), pp.71–89. 28. Larry A. Samovar. (1981). Understanding Intercultural Communication. California: Wadsworth publishing company. 29. Lebduska, L. (2014). Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot: A Revealing Look at the Arts of Persuasion, 1(12). 30. McIntosh, M. J,. & Morse, J. M. (2015). Situating and constructing diversity in semi- structured interviews. Global qualitative nursing research, 2. 31. Matsumoto, D,. & Hwang, H. C. (2016). The cultural bases of nonverbal communication. APA handbook of nonverbal communication, pp.77–101. 32. Montenegro, R. A,. & Stephens, C. (2006). Indigenous health in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Lancet, 367(9525), pp.1859–1869. 33. Philip, E. (2019). Nigerian Cultural Values and the Challenge of Globalization. The 3rd International Conference of the World Bank Development Research Group. KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA. 15 Jan. 34. Pramartha, C,. & Davis, J. G. (2016). Digital preservation of cultural heritage: Balinese Kulkul artefact and practices. Euro-Mediterranean Conference. pp. 491- 500. Springer, Cham. 35. Rickly-Boyd, J. M. (2012). Authenticity & aura: A Benjaminian approach to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 39(1), 269–289. 36. Song, Y.L,. & Zhang, J.J. (2016). 试论场域变迁中的基诺族大鼓舞= Discussing the Jinuo drum dance in the change of area. Guizhou Ethnic Studies. 2016,37(12), pp.112-115. 37. Shahida, M. Sadiq. (2019). Learning Pakistani Culture through The Namaz Emoji. 2019 International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET 2019). 30-31 January, 2019. 38. Taj, A,. & Ali, S.(2018). Erosion of Kalasha's Religio-Cultural Identity in Northern Pakistan: Context, Causes and Implications. FWU Journal of Social Sciences. 12(2), 35-40. 39. Wu, J,. &Ingram, C. (2019) Six decades of ethnic minority population change in China. Asian Population Studies. 15(2), pp.228–238. 40. Wute, W. (2021). The Frontiers of Society. Science and Technology. 3(8), pp.86–91. 41. Yang, Y,. & Kang, H. (2018). The Digital Measures for Protection and Heritage of Dongba Culture. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, pp.1203–1208. 42. Zou, G.W. (2001). 全球化时代的文化整合= Cultural integration in the era globalization. Journal of the Party School of CPC Changchun Municipal Committee. (1), 61-65. 43. Zhu, Y. J. (2018). Stage. Heritage and Romantic Consumption in China. Amsterdam University Press, pp. 39–60.