Mengukur analisis psikometrik literasi media sosial di kalangan pengguna media sosial di Malaysia
List of Authors
  • Abdul Rauf Ridzuan , Siti Nasarah Ismail

Keyword
  • Literasi, Media Sosial, Sexting, Literasi Media Sosial

Abstract
  • Lonjakan dalam penggunaan media sosial telah membawa kepada cabaran baharu, berserta kebimbangan kritikal iaitu peningkatan perlakuan sexting di kalangan pengguna media sosial. Terdapat kebimbangan dan keraguan mengenai kecekapan atau literasi yang diperlukan untuk menggunakan aplikasi media sosial dengan sewajarnya. Oleh itu, adalah penting bagi pengguna media sosial untuk memiliki literasi media sosial dalam mengemudi dunia dalam talian dengan penuh tanggungjawab. Hasil analisis kajian adalah berdasarkan tinjauan yang dijalankan di kalangan 412 pengguna media sosial dari lima negeri di Malaysia iaitu Perlis, Selangor, Melaka, Pahang, dan Sarawak. Instrumen skala Literasi Media Sosial dibangunkan daripada Social Media Competence Scale for College Students (SMCS-CS) oleh Zhu et al. (2018) dan Perceived Social Media Literacy Scale (PSML) oleh Tandoc Jr et al. (2021) untuk menguji nilai literasi media sosial pengguna media sosial melalui Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) dan penubuhan Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Skala Literasi Media Sosial. Analisis faktor ini menyelesaikan cabaran untuk menentukan bilangan konstruk yang diperlukan untuk menerangkan satu set hubungan yang diukur. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa model multi-dimensi literasi media sosial telah mencapai kesahan penumpuan (convergence validity) berdasarkan pembolehubah hubungan yang signifikan. Faktor yang diekstrak ini juga mempunyai kesahan diskriminasi (discriminant validity) yang baik. Oleh itu, instrumen yang direka bentuk adalah sah dan boleh dipercayai untuk mengakses pembolehubah yang disasarkan dalam konteks pengguna media sosial di Malaysia.

Reference
  • 1. Ahmad, J., Ismail, N., & Nasir, N.N.A. (2015). Investigating Malaysian youth’s social media usage, competencies and practice with regard to crime prevention: An application of the social media literacy model. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303306531

    2. Bou-Hamad, I. (2020). The impact of social media usage and lifestyle habits on academic achievement: Insights from a developing country context. Children and Youth Services Review, 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105425

    3. Cho, H., Cannon, J., Lopez, R., & Li, W. (2022). Social media literacy: A conceptual framework. New Media & Society, 146144482110685. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068530

    4. Daneels, R., & Vanwynsberghe, H. (2017). Mediating social media use: Connecting parents’ mediation strategies and social media literacy. Cyberpsychology, 11(3 Special Issue). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-3-5

    5. Data Reportal. (2023, February). Digital 2022: Global overview report. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-malaysia

    6. Del Rey, R., Ojeda, M., Casas, J.A., Mora-Merchán, J.A., & Elipe, P. (2019). Sexting among adolescents: The emotional impact and influence of the need for popularity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828

    7. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18(1), 39-50.

    8. Gabriel, F. (2014). Sexting, selfies and self-harm: young people, social media and the performance of self-development. Media International Australia, 151(1), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1329878X1415100114

    9. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Babin, B.J., & Black, W.C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

    10. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning EMEA.

    11. Hair, J.F., Celsi, M., Money, A., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2015). The essentials of business research method (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    12. Hayes, T. (2021). R-squared change in structural equation models with latent variables and missing data. Behavior Research Methods, 53(5), 2127-2157. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01532-y

    13. Heiss, R., Nanz, A., & Matthes, J. (2023). Social media information literacy: Conceptualization and associations with information overload, news avoidance and conspiracy mentality. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107908

    14. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.

    15. Kettunen, J., Sampson, J.P.J., & Vuorinen, R. (2015). Career practitioners’ conceptions of competency for social media in career services. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 43 (1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2014.939945

    16. Khan, M.L., & Idris, I.K. (2019). Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: A reasoned action and information literacy perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1578828

    17. Mukherjee, K. (2016). Comparision between social communication ethics and social media communication ethics: A paradigm shift. Global Media Journal – Indian Edition, 7(2).

    18. Ngai, E.W.T., Tao, S.S.C., & Moon, K.K.L. (2015). Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks. International Journal of Information Management, 35(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.09.004

    19. Oducado, R.M.F., Sales, M.R., Magarzo, A.J.P., Panes, P.M.A., Lapastora, J.T.P. (2019). Perceptions and attitude on using social media responsibly: Toward social media literacy in nursing education. Belitung Nursing Journal, 5(3), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.789

    20. Ojeda, M., & Del Rey, R. (2021a). Lines of action for sexting prevention and intervention: A systematic review. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02089-3

    21. Pangrazio, L., Cardozo-Gaibisso, L. (2020). Beyond cybersafety: The need to develop social media literacies in pre-teens. Digital Education Review, 37, 49–63.

    22. Pangrazio, L., & Selwyn, N. (2018). “It’s not like it’s life or death or whatever”: Young people’s understandings of social media data. Social Media +Society, 4(3), 1–9.

    23. Polanco-Levicán, K., & Salvo-Garrido, S. (2022). Understanding social media literacy: A systematic review of the concept and its competences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8807). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148807

    24. Ramadani, V., Demiri, A., & Saiti-Demiri, S. (2014). Social media channels: the factors that influence the behavioural intention of customers. International Journal Business and Globalisation, 12(3).

    25. Salleh, M.A.M., & Ilham, N.M.M. (2017). The experience and awareness of adult users of surveillance issues in social media. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 33(1), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2017-3301-33

    26. Schreurs, L., & Vandenbosch, L. (2021). Introducing the social media literacy (SMILE) model with the case of the positivity bias on social media. Journal of Children and Media, 15(3), 320–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1809481

    27. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research method for business: A skill business approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

    28. Shieh, C-J., & Nasongkhla, J. (2024). Effects of motivation to use social networking sites on students’ media literacy and critical thinking. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14 (1), e202404. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/14060

    29. Syam, H.M., & Nurrahmi, F. (2020). “I don’t know if it is fake or real news” how little Indonesian university students understand Social Media Literacy. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(2), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2020-3602-06

    30. Taibi, D., Scifo, L., Bruno, N., & Fulantelli, G. (2023). Social media literacy to support a conscious use of social media in adolescents and improve their psychological well-being: A pilot study. Sustainability, 15. 12726. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712726

    31. Thang, S.M., Ng, L.S., & Taha, A.M. (2020). Awareness of the risks and dangers of social networking: Exploration on four types of Malaysian secondary schools. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(1), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2020-3601-09

    32. Tandoc Jr., E.C., Yee, A.Z.H., Ong, J., Lee, J.C.B., Xu, D., Han, Z., Matthew, C.C.H., Ng, J.S.H.Y., Lim, C.M., Cheng, L.R.J., Cayabyab, M.Y. (2021). Developing a perceived social media literacy scale: Evidence from Singapore. International Journal of Communication 15, 2484–2505

    33. Vahedi, Z., Sibalis, A., & Sutherland, J.E. (2018). Are media literacy interventions effective at changing attitudes and intentions towards risky health behaviors in adolescents? A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent, 67, 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.06.007

    34. Wok, S., Hashim, J., & Abdullah, K. (2016). Social media influence on malay family resilience towards challenges of the Internet. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32 (2), 648-669. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2016-3202-32

    35. Zhu, S., Yang, H.H., Xu, S., & MacLeod, J. (2018). Understanding social media competence in higher education: Development and validation of an instrument. Journal of Educational Computing Research 0(0), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118820631