Models of emotional intelligence: a review
List of Authors
  • Norsiah Fauzan , Pavitra Kanesan

Keyword
  • Ability model, emotional intelligence models, trait model, mixed-model

Abstract
  • Models of emotional intelligence have been categorised into three models known as ability model, mixed model and trait model as Bar-On, Goleman and Petrides, Salovey and Mayer defined emotional intelligence differently. This paper reviews conceptualisations of emotional intelligence by analysing the goodness and weakness in the models of emotional intelligence. Generally, the existing models have described emotional intelligence as personal intelligence (understanding, managing and utilising emotion in oneself) and social intelligence (understanding and managing emotion in others). The review concludes that ability model is the best model to elaborate emotional intelligence phenomena as emotional intelligence is (1) viewed as intelligence, (2) founder of emotional intelligence proposed this model, (3) ability model fits well with the common definition, “managing emotion in oneself and in others”; (4) emphases pure form of emotional intelligence excluding personality trait compared to mixed and trait models.

Reference
  • 1. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
    2. Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Quotient inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
    3. Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. In R. Bar-On, & I. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the work place (pp. 363-388). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    4. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    5. Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 110-126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
    6. Cherniss, C., Extein, M., Goleman, D., & Weissberg, R. P. (2006). Emotional intelligence: What does the research really indicate? Educational Psychologist, 41(4), 239-245. doi:10.1207/s 15326985ep4104_4
    7. Dweck, C. S., Chui, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their roles in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 268-285. doi:10.12 07/s15327965pli0604_1
    8. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences (10th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
    9. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character health and lifelong achievement. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
    10. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
    11. Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-based theory of performance. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations (pp. 27-44). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    12. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57(5), 253-270. doi:10.1037/h0 023816
    13. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298.doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00016-1
    14. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
    15. Morris, C. G., & Maisto, A. A. (2002). Psychology: An introduction (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    16. O’Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 32(5), 788-818. doi:10.1002/job.714
    17. Ortony, A., Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R.(2007).Why emotional intelligence needs a fluid component. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner , & R. D. Roberts (Eds.),The science of emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns (pp. 288-304). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    18. Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue). In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. Parker (Eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence. Theory, research, and applications (pp. 85-101). Boston, MA: Springer.
    19. Petrides, K. V. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 136-139. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x.
    20. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 425-448. doi:10.1002/per.416.
    21. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39-57. doi:10.1002/per.466.
    22. Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding the motivation and emotion (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons..
    23. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. doi:10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg.
    24. Schulte, M. J., Ree, M. J., & Carretta, T. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Not much more than g and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(5), 1059-1068. doi:10.1016/j. paid.2003.11.014.
    25. Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine, 140, 227-235.
    26. Van, D., Pekaar, K., Bakker, A., Schermer, J., Vernon, P., Dunkel, C., & Petrides, K. (2017). Overlap between the general factor of personality and emotional intelligence: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143(1), 36-52. doi:10.1037/bul0000078.
    27. Webb, C. A., Schwab, Z. J., Weber, M., DelDonno, S., Kipman, M., Weiner, M. R., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2013). Convergent and divergent validity of integrative versus mixed model measures of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 41(3), 149-156. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013. 01.004.