language learning strategies, cognitive strategies, metacognitive self-regulation, resource management, Arabic as a third language
Abstract
Arabic is widely taught in Malaysia due to its importance in religious, academic and professional contexts. However, learning Arabic as a third language presents challenges due to its complex grammatical rules and syntactic structures. To overcome these difficulties, learners apply various learning strategies to enhance their understanding, retention and application of the language. This study investigates the use of language learning strategies among undergraduate students learning Arabic as a third language in Malaysia. The research examines the three key strategies: cognitive, metacognitive and resource management, focusing on the relationship between these strategies. A quantitative survey was conducted with 239 respondents from a public university, using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire adapted from Wenden and Rubin (1987). The instrument consisted of four sections: demographic profile, cognitive components (19 items), metacognitive self-regulation (11 items) and resource management (11 items). Findings indicate that learners frequently employ cognitive strategies such as rehearsal, organization, elaboration and critical thinking to process and retain information. Furthermore, metacognitive strategies, including planning, monitoring and evaluating, are widely used to regulate learning. Resource management strategies, particularly help-seeking and environment management, also play an important role in maintaining focus and overcoming challenges. Moreover, the study identified strong positive correlations between cognitive, metacognitive and resource management strategies, emphasizing their interconnected role in effective language learning. These findings align with previous research, reinforcing the importance of integrating diverse strategies to enhance language proficiency. Based on these results, the study suggests that instructors should promote a balanced use of these strategies in teaching Arabic by incorporating activities that foster critical thinking, self-regulation, and collaboration. Future research should further explore how individual factors such as gender, field of study, and prior exposure to Arabic influence learners' strategy preferences. Additionally, examining the role of technology in supporting language learning strategies may provide valuable insights for improving instructional approaches.