Urban Gig Work in Malaysia: Autonomy, Precarity, and Career Motivation
List of Authors
Anizah Zainuddin, Rozita Naina Mohamed, Sarah Addeany Ridzwan, Sarah Irdina Ridzwan
Keyword
Autonomy; Precarity; Career Motivation
Abstract
The gig economy is having a profound impact on Malaysia's urban labour market, reflecting a global shift towards flexible, platform-mediated work. The present study examines whether urban gig work is primarily a voluntary career choice or a response to economic necessity, and explores how these motivations interact with structural vulnerabilities. The findings, derived from a comprehensive survey of 400 gig workers and in-depth interviews with 25 participants across the ride-hailing, delivery, and freelance sectors, reveal a dual reality. 38% of workers pursue gig work for autonomy and skill development, while 48% are motivated by financial necessity. Quantitative analysis demonstrates pervasive income instability, limited social protection, and high financial stress, particularly among ride-hailing and delivery workers, whereas freelancers report higher autonomy and job satisfaction. Thematic analysis reveals challenges such as irregular schedules, social isolation, and psychological strain, alongside aspirations for career progression and enhanced platform accountability. The findings emphasise the coexistence of opportunity and precarious conditions within Malaysia's gig economy, underscoring the necessity for policies that are sector-sensitive and aimed at achieving a balance between flexibility and financial security. The study concludes with the formulation of recommendations for the implementation of hybrid labour protections, income-linked social safety nets, and targeted interventions to enhance the sustainability of gig work as a livelihood.