Elements of security for a gated and guarded community in the context of smart living
List of Authors
  • Jalaluddin Abdul Malek , Zurinah Tahir

Keyword
  • Security, Crime, Gated Community, CPTED, Smart Living

Abstract
  • Various elements of security are requisite for crime prevention in gated housing communities. To establish a sustainable secure housing area in the context of the Smart City, initial planning needs to take into consideration both the physical security and social wellbeing of the community. In this paper, the development of a gated housing community in a guarded neighbourhood is taken as a ‘best practice’ example of an urban setting where residents experience a level of security in keeping with the precepts of Smart Living. Various issues arise frequently in the development of gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods; these may involve guardhouses, the design and height of fences, physical barriers and security needs. Many gated and guarded community housing developments have yet to adhere fully to the basic principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in their planning of physical security. This article seeks to identify the principal measures in crime prevention in relation to housing development in the context of the Smart City while adhering to the elements of CPTED for Smart Living. The broad adoption of CPTED strategies in planning sustainable housing and surroundings are aimed at providing better quality of living in the Smart City.

Reference
  • 1. Albino, V., Berardi, U. and Dangelico R. M. (2015). Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 2015.Vol. 22, No. 1, 3–21.
    2. Aldrich, F. K. (2003). Smart Homes: Past, Present and Future. Richard H., ed, 2003, Inside the Smart Home, Springer, pp. 17-39.
    3. Abdullaha, A., Marzbalia M. H., Tilakib, M.J.M. and Bahauddina, A. (2015). Territorial features, disorder and fear of crime in residential neighbourhoods in Malaysia: testing for multigroup invariance. Global Crime, 2015 Vol. 16, No. 3, 197–218.
    4. Armitage, R., Monchuk, L. and Rogerson, M. (2011). It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research , 17:29-54.
    5. Atkinson, R.,& Blandy, S. (2005). Introduction: International Perspectives on the New Enclavism and the Rise of Gated Communities. Housing Studies, 20(2), 177–186.
    6. Blakely, E., & Snyder, M. (1998). Forting Up: Gated Communities in the United States. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 15(1), 61–72.Blakely, E. J., & Snyder, M. G. (1997). Fortress America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Chapter 16: Frayed Community: The Gated Community Movement. Edward J. Blakely, Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organizations Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research 2007, pp 257-266.
    7. Blandy, S. (2006). Gated communities in England: historical perspectives and current developments. GeoJournal (2006) 66:15–26. DOI 10.1007/s10708-006-9013-4.
    8. Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., and Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart cities in Europe. Paper presented to the Creating Smarter Cities Conference, Edinburgh Napier University.
    9. Ceccato, V. (2012). Chapter 1: The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear. V. Ceccato (ed.), The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4210-9_1, Springer Science Business Media B.V. 2012.
    10. Chen, Shang Yuan & Chang, Shu Fen. (2009). A Review of Smart Living Space Development in a Cloud Computing Network Environment. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 6:4, 513-527.
    11. Chourabi, H., Taewoo, N., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, D. A., Scholl, H.J. (2012). Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework. In: 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, pp. 2289–2297. IEEE Computer Society, Washington.
    12. Cozens, P. and Love, T. (2015). A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature. 2015, Vol. 30(4) 393- 412. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav.
    13. Cozens, P. M. (2009). Environmental Criminology and Planning: Dialogue for a New Perspective on Safer Cities. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Planning and Design hosted by the College of Planning and Design at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, 25-29th May.
    14. Donald, B. (2001). Economic competitiveness and quality of life in city regions: Compatible concepts? Canadian Journal of Urban Research 10, no. 2: 259–74.
    15. Doran B.J. & Burgess. M.B. (2012). Chapter 4: Managing Fear of Crime Putting Fear of Crime on the Map. Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy.
    16. Ekblom, P. (2011). Deconstructing CPTED and Reconstructing It for Practice, Knowledge Management and Research. European Journal of Criminology, 17, 7–28.
    17. Fisher, D., Clancey, G. & Rutherford, A. (2015). Policing built environment crime risks: the role of police in CPTED in New South Wales, Australia. Police Practice and Research, DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2015.1091737.
    18. Fisher, D.G. & Piracha, A. (2012). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: A Case Study of Multi-Agency Collaboration in Sydney, Australia. Australian Planner, 49:1, 79- 87, DOI: 10.1080/07293682.2011.608689.
    19. Forrest, R. & Kearns, A. (2001). Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), pp. 2125–2144.
    20. Foster, S., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Christian, H., Bull, F. and Corti, B.G. (2016). Safe RESIDential Environments? A longitudinal analysis of the influence of crime-related safety on walking. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.
    21. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities _ ranking of European medium-sized cities. Centre of Regional Science, Vienna.
    22. Gleisner, B., McAlister, F., Galt, M. and Beaglehole, J. (2011). A living standards approach to public policy making. New Zealand Economic Papers. Vol. 46, No. 3, December 2012, 211–238.
    23. Gruenewald, J., Gruenewald, K.A. & Brent R. K. (2015). Assessing the Attractiveness and Vulnerability of Eco-Terrorism Targets: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38:6, 433-455.
    24. Kent, J. and Wheeler, A. (2015). What Can Built Environment and Health Professionals Learn from Crime Prevention in Planning? Introducing ‘HPTED.’”Urban Policy and Research.
    25. Kim, S.K. (2006). The Gated Community: Residents’ Crime Experience and Perception of Safety behind Gates and Fences in the Urban Area. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
    26. Kleibert, J.M. & Kippers, L. (2015). Living the good life? The rise of urban mixed-use enclaves in Metro Manila. Urban Geography.
    27. Landman, K. (2012). Chapter 10: Reconsidering crime and urban fortification in South Africa. In: Cecatto, V. (ed.). Urban fabric of crime and fear. London: Springer, pp. 239-264.
    28. Lemanski, C., Landman, K.& Durington, M. (2008). Divergent and Similar Experiences of ‘Gating’ in South Africa: Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Urban Forum (2008) 19:133–158.
    29. Lens, M.C. (2013). Subsidized Housing and Crime: Theory, Mechanisms, and Evidence. Journal of Planning Literature. 28(4) 352-363.
    30. Painter, K., & Farrington, D. (1997). The Crime Reducing Effect of Improved Lighting: The Dudley Project. In R. Clarke (Ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.). Guilderland, NY: Harrow and Heston.
    31. Morrison, S. (2003). Approaching organized crime: Where are we now and where are we going? Crime and Justice International. Vol. 19 no. (72) (2003). pp. 4–10.
    32. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan. from the University of Michigan, 1972.
    33. Newman, O. (1973). Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. London: Architectural Press, 1973.
    34. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
    35. Putman, M. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    36. Queensland Department of Public Works (2008). Smart and Sustainable Homes Design Object.