1. Al-Karaki, J. N., Ababneh, N., Hamid, Y., & Gawanmeh, A. (2021). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education during COVID-19 Global Crisis: UAE Educators' Perspectives. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3), ep311.
2. Almazova, N., Krylova, E., Rubtsova, A., & Odinokaya, M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for Russian higher education amid COVID-19: Teachers' perspective. Education Sciences, 10(12), 368.
3. Almusharraf, N., & Khahro, S. (2020). Students satisfaction with online learning experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 15(21), 246-267.
4. Araújo-Vila, N., Cardoso, L., Toubes, D. R., & Fraiz-Brea, J. A. (2020). Digital Competence in Spanish University Education and Its Use by Students. Publications, 8(4), 47.
5. Dewi, C. A., & Purmadi, A. (2021). The Urgency of Digital Literacy for Generation Z Students in Chemistry Learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(11).
6. Janssen, J., Stoyanov, S., Ferrari, A., Punie, Y., Pannekeet, K., & Sloep, P. (2013). Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences. Computers & Education, 68, 473-481.
7. Kaeophanuek, S., Na-Songkhla, J., & Nilsook, P. (2019). A learning process model to enhance digital literacy using critical inquiry through digital storytelling (CIDST). International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(3).
8. Karatas, K., & Arpaci, I. (2021). The role of self-directed learning, metacognition, and 21st century skills predicting the readiness for online learning. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3), ep300.
9. Katsarou, E. (2021). The Effects of Computer Anxiety and Self-Efficacy on L2 Learners' Self-Perceived Digital Competence and Satisfaction in Higher Education. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 8(2), 158-172.
10. Komlayut, S., & Srivatanakul, T. (2017). Assessing digital literacy skills using a self-administered questionnaire. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 6(3), 74.
11. Lamanauskas, V., & Makarskaitė-Petkevičienė, R. (2021). Distance Lectures in University Studies: Advantages, Disadvantages, Improvement. Contemporary educational technology, 13(3), 1-16.
12. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. (2020). MCMC Internet Users Survey 2020, Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission Report, ISSN 1823-2523, [Online] Available at: https://bit.ly/3GFeTkZ. [Accessed: Oct. 10, 2021].
13. Maphosa, C., & Bhebhe, S. (2019). Digital literacy: A must for open distance and e-learning (ODEL) students. European Journal of Education Studies.
14. Martzoukou, K. (2020). Academic libraries in COVID-19: a renewed mission for digital literacy. Library management, 42(4/5), 266-276.
15. Moliner, L., Lorenzo-Valentin, G., & Alegre, F. (2021). E-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Case Study with High School Mathematics Students. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 8(2), 179-184.
16. Nisha, N. B., & Varghese, R. R. (2021). Literature on Information Literacy: A Review. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 41(4).
17. Ozdamar-Keskin, N., Ozata, F. Z., Banar, K., & Royle, K. (2015). Examining digital literacy competences and learning habits of open and distance learners. Contemporary Educational Technology, 6(1), 74-90.
18. Reddy, P., Sharma, B. N., & Chaudhary, K. C. (2020, June). Measuring the digital competency of freshmen at a higher education institute. In Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems Proceedings. Association for Information Systems.
19. Sa, M. J., & Serpa, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the Promotion of Digital Competences in Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(10), 4520-4528.
20. Sharda, P., & Bajpai, M. K. (2021). Online Learning and Teaching using Google Classroom during the COVID-19 Pandemic. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 41(5).
21. Tejedor, S., Cervi, L., Pérez-Escoda, A., & Jumbo, F. T. (2020). Digital literacy and higher education during COVID-19 lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador. Publications, 8(4), 48.
22. Tomczyk, Ł., Potyrała, K., Włoch, A., Wnęk-Gozdek, J., & Demeshkant, N. (2020). Evaluation of the Functionality of a New E-Learning Platform vs. Previous Experiences in E-Learning and the Self-Assessment of Own Digital Literacy. Sustainability, 12(23), 10219.
23. Yaseen, H., Alsoud, A. R., Nofal, M., Abdeljaber, O., & Al-Adwan, A. S. (2021). The Effects of Online Learning on Students' Performance: A Comparison between UK and Jordanian Universities. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(20).
24. Yustika, G. P., & Iswati, S. (2020). Digital Literacy in Formal Online Education: A Short Review. Dinamika Pendidikan, 15(1), 66-76.
25. Zulkarnain, Z., Heleni, S., & Thahir, M. (2020, October). Digital literacy skills of math students through e-learning in COVID-19 era: a case study in Universitas Riau. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1663, No. 1, p. 012015). IOP Publishing.