This study explores the impact mechanism of knowledge management strategies on the professional development of vocational college teachers, focusing on the path to improve teachers' self-efficacy and creativity. Through qualitative research methods, the key links of knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing and application are systematically analyzed to promote teacher development. The study found that the standardized knowledge management system can effectively enhance teachers' teaching confidence, optimize resource acquisition channels and solve the problem of information fragmentation; the digital collaboration platform provides support for teaching innovation and promotes the practical application of new teaching methods; the institutionalized knowledge management framework significantly improves the efficiency of lesson preparation and releases development space for teacher innovation. Based on the research results, it is recommended that vocational colleges build an integrated knowledge management platform, establish an innovation incentive mechanism, and improve the technical support system, so as to form a virtuous circle of teacher professional development.