1. Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772-790. https://doi.org/10.1037//O022-3514.78.4.772
2. Arnett, J. J. (1991). Adolescents and heavy metal music: From the mouths of metalheads. Youth & Society, 23(1), 76-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X910230010
3. Babbie, E. (2016). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Cengage Learning.
4. Berita Harian. (2021, September 22). Malaysia ada 28 juta pengguna media sosial. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/bisnes/teknologi/2021/09/867407/malaysia-ada-28-juta-pengguna- media-sosial
5. Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., & Staiano, A. (2022). The use of social media in children and adolescents: Scoping review on the potential risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960
6. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
7. Brown, C., Flood, M., & Hegarty, K.L. (2020). Digital dating abuse perpetration and impact: The importance of gender. Journal of Youth Studies, 25, 193 - 208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1858041
8. Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
9. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10. Factory, C. (n.d.). Malaysia social media statistics and facts 2024. Commission Factory Affiliate Marketing Blog. https://blog.commissionfactory.com/affiliate-marketing/malaysia-social-media-statistics
11. Ferguson, C. J. (2013). Violent video games and the Supreme Court: Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. American Psychologist, 68(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030597
12. Gentile, D. A., Li, D., Khoo, A., Prot, S., & Anderson, C. A. (2014). Mediators and moderators of long-term effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: practice, thinking, and action. JAMA pediatrics, 168(5), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.63
13. Howe, S. (2023b, August 21). Social Media statistics for Malaysia [Updated 2023]. Meltwater. https://www.meltwater.com/en/blog/social-media-statistics-malaysia
14. Khalisah, A., & Anjarningsih, H. Y. (2020). “Taking it for granted”: The utilization of pragmatic aspects in entertainment news reporting on Instagram. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i3.23200
15. Livingstone, S., & Brake, D. R. (2010). On the rapid rise of social networking sites: new findings and policy implications. Children & Society, 24(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x
16. Lu, J. D. E, & Lin, J. S. E. (2022). Exploring uses and gratifications and psychological outcomes of engagement with Instagram Stories. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100198
17. Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
18. Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
19. Moktar, N. H. H. M. H. I. (2023, May 29). Malaysians spend almost 20 hours a week on social media. Sinar Daily. https://www.sinardaily.my/article/197149/malaysia/national/malaysians-spend-almost-20- hours-a-week-on-social-media
20. Neuman, W. (2014) Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson, Essex, UK.
21. Neuman, W. L. (2013). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
22. Neuman, W. L. (2015). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson.
23. Peña-Fernández, S., Larrondo-Ureta, A., & Morales-I-gras, J. (2022). Current affairs on TikTok. Virality and entertainment for digital natives. Profesional de La Informacion, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.ene.06
24. Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). The implied truth effect: attaching warnings to a subset of fake news stories increases perceived accuracy of stories without warnings. Management Science, 68(11), 4113- 4126. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478
25. Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women's body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 71(11-12), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
26. Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. y., Rosen, D., Colditz, J. B., Radovic, A., & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1– 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010
27. Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
28. Social Media Stats Malaysia. (2023). StatCounter Global Stats. https://gs.statcounter.com/social-media- stats/all/malaysia
29. Statista. (2023, November 1). Malaysia: social media usage 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/883712/malaysia-social-media-penetration/
30. Statista. (2023, April 21). Average daily time spent on social media in Malaysia Q3 2019-Q3 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1379431/malaysia-average-daily-time-spent-on-social- media/
31. Stollfuß, S. (2020). Communitainment on instagram: Fitness content and community-driven communication as social media entertainment. SAGE Open, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020919535
32. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8721.2009.01595.x
33. Webb, C. (2017). Action research: Principles and practice (Third Edition). SAGE Publications Ltd.
34. Wright, M. F., & Li, Y. (2013). The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: the moderating effect of peer rejection. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9903-3