The influence of Islam on the statecraft of the Perak Sultanate: The case of the ninety-nine laws of Perak
List of Authors
  • Hafiz Zakariya , Mohamad Hazizie Sulkafle

Keyword
  • The Ninety-nine laws of Perak, Malay traditional laws, Malay statecraft, Perak Sultanate

Abstract
  • This study examines the extent of Islamic influence on the Ninety-nine Laws of Perak. It adopts the legal-anthropological functional approach, which regards law as the means by which conflict and disputes are resolved in the society and as a system that operates in conjunction with other schemes to regulate and control the social order. It emphasizes that the traditional Malay laws, should be accepted as they are, instead of comparing them with the modern concept and definition of laws. Indeed, the Malay traditional laws functioned as the constitution of the Malay sultanates, which are workable and able to institute a modicum of social stability in a pluralistic and hierarchical society. Moreover, this set of laws served as a guidance for the rulers and state officials to fullfil their responsibilities towards the sultanate and to the people.

Reference
  • 1. Abdul Kadir Haji Muhammad. (1996). Sejarah Penulisan Hukum Islam di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 2. Abdul Majeed Mohamed Mackeen. (1969). Contemporary Islamic Legal Organization in Malaya, Monograph Series No. 13. New Hawen: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. 3. Abdul Rahman Abdullah (2009). Sejarah dan Tamadun Asia Tenggara: Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengaruh Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd. 4. Abdullah Alwi Hassan. (2000). Pertumbuhan Pentadbiran Undang-undang Islam di Malaysia. In Mohd. Taib Osman & A. Aziz Deraman (Eds.), Tamadun Islam di Malaysia (pp.121-160). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 5. Ahmed Ibrahim & Ahilemah Joned. (2013). Sistem Undang-undang di Malaysia (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 6. Ahmad Jelani Halimi. (2007). Pengaruh Islam Terhadap Perundangan Melayu: Tumpuan kepada Undang-undang 99 Perak. In Farid Mat Zin (Ed.), Islam di Tanah Melayu Abad ke-19 (pp. 71-80). Shah Alam: Karisma Publications Sdn. Bhd. 7. Ahmad Jelani Halimi. (2010). Pengaruh Islam dalam Undang-undang Melayu: Kes Undang-undang 99 Perak. In Ahmad Jelani Halimi & Ishak Saat (Ed.s), Warisan Melayu Perak, (pp. 11-20). Batu Pahat: Penerbit UTHM. 8. Ahmad Jelani Halimi. (2019). Undang-undang 99” Perak: Undang-undang Melayu Abad ke-18. In Harun Mat Piah (Ed.), Kesultanan Melayu Perak (pp. 202-225). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2019), 202-225. 9. Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. (1999). Islam dalam Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia. 10. Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. (2014). Islām and Secularism. Kuala Lumpur: IBFIM. 11. Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin. (2005). Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Discourse on the Malay World: A Revisionist Perspective. SOJOURN, 7(1), 1-22. 12. Al-Khin, Mustafa, Mustafa al-Bugha & Ali al-Syarbaji. (2011). Al-Fiqh Manhaji: Ibadat dalam Fiqh al-Syafi‘i, edited and translated from Arabic by a panel led by Zulkifli bin Mohamad al-Bakri. Bandar Baru Bangi: Darul Syakir Enterprise. 13. Andaya, Barbara Watson. (1979). Perak, The Abode of Grace: A Study of an Eighteenth-Century Malay State. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 14. Bird, Isabella L. (2011). The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither. Oxford: John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd. 15. Denisova, Tatiana A. (2011). Refleksi Historiografi Alam Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. 16. Haji Muhammad Said Haji Sulaiman. (1997). Buku Katan Kamus Melayu (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 17. Halimah Hassan. (2019). Raja dan Pembesar dalam “Undang-undang 99”. In Harun Mat Piah (Ed.), Kesultanan Melayu Perak (pp. 226-256). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 18. Hooker, M.B. (1970). Introductory Note to “The Ninety-nine Laws of Perak” by J. Rigby. In M.B. Hooker (Ed.), Readings in Malay Adat Laws, (pp. 51-56). Singapore: Singapore University Press. 19. Jelani Harun. (2003). Undang-Undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan Perak: Menara Kebesaran Adab Hubungan Raja Dengan Menteri. Jurnal Peradaban Melayu, 1, 165-183, 20. Jelani Harun. 2010). Undang-undang Kesultanan Melayu dalam Perbandingan. Pulau Pinang, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. 21. Jelani Harun. (2011). Umpama Sebuah Bahtera: Kajian Naskhah Melayu Sejarah Kesultanan Negeri Perak. Kuala Lumpur: Arkib Negara Malaysia. 22. Kempe, John. E. & R.O. Winstedt. (1948). A Malay Legal Digest compiled for ‘Abd al-Ghafur Mahaiyud-din Shah Sultan of Pahang 1592 – 1614 A.D. with Undated Additions. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 21(1), 1-67. 23. M.A. Fawzi Basri. (1986). Cempaka Sari: Sejarah Kesultanan Negeri Perak. Ipoh: Yayasan Perak. 24. Maxwell, W.E. (1886). Notes and Queries. Journal of Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3, 70. 25. McNair, J.F. (1878). Perak and the Malays: “Sarong” and “Kris”. London: Tinsley Brother. 26. Meor Ahmad Tajuddin Meor Mazlan. (2005). Tun Sab'an dan Pembesar Melayu Perak. Ipoh: Yayasan Perak. 27. Mohd Idrus Jusi. (1973). Islam dan Beberapa Pengaruhnya dalam Sistem Politik Melayu Tradisi. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies, 3(4), 16-26. 28. Moyer, David S. (1975). The Logic of the Laws: A Structural Analysis of Malay Language Legal Codes from Bengkulu. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 29. Muhammad Haniff Hassan. (2007). Explaining Islam’s Special Position and the Politics of Islam in Malaysia. The Muslim World, 97, 316. 30. Norazit Selat. (1999). Kepimpinan dan Ketatanegaraan Dalam Undang-undang 99 Perak. In Zainal Abidin Borhan & et. al. (Eds.), Warisan Persuratan Johor II: Perundangan dan Ketatanegaraan Melayu, (pp. 265-281). Johor: Yayasan Warisan Johor. 31. Raja Chulan (1991). Misa Melayu, edited by R.O. Winstedt. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara. 32. Raja Chulan Ibni Raja Hamid. (2015). Hikayat Misa Melayu, edited by Jelani Harun. Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Karyawan. 33. Rigby, J. (1929). Papers on Malay Subject: Law Part II, The Ninety-nine Laws of Perak. Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Government Press. 34. Rigby, J. (1929). Introduction. In J. Rigby, Papers on Malay Subjects: Law Part II: The Ninety-Nine Laws of Perak (pp. 11-19). Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Government Press. 35. Rigby, J. (1970). The Ninety-nine Laws of Perak. In M.B. Hooker (Ed.), Readings in Malay Adat Laws, (pp. 57-83). Singapore: Singapore University Press. 36. Samir Aliyah. (2004). Sistem Pemerintahan, Peradilan & Adat dalam Islam, translated into Indonesian by H. Asmuni Solihin Zamakhsyari. Jakarta Timur: Khalifa. 37. Susunan yang Pertama Adat Lembaga Orang-orang Melayu di dalam Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan daripada Zaman Purbakala. (1935). Taiping: Matba‘ah al-Ziniyyah. 38. Syed Jaafar bin Syed Aznan. (2015). “Descendants of Syed Husain al-Faradz Jamalullail.” Jamalullail Negeri Perak. https://sjaznan1.files.wordpress.com /2015/11/silsilah-ringkas-syed-husain-al-faradz-jamalullail.pdf Retrieved on February 17, 2016. 39. Undang-undang Sembilan Puluh Sembilan Perak, ANM No. ARA/29/2007/0052786. 40. Wilkinson, R.J. (1902). A Malay-English Dictionary: Part II (Sin to Nya). Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Limited. 41. Wilkinson, R.J. (1922). Papers on Malay Subjects: Law Part I, Introductory Sketch. Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Government Press. 42. Wilkinson, R.J. (1929). Preface. In J. Rigby, Papers on Malay Subject: Law Part II, The Ninety-nine Laws of Perak (pp. 1-7). Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Government Press. 43. Windstedt, R.O. (1919). The Hadramaut Sayids of Perak and Siak. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 79, 51. 44. Winstedt, R.O. (1953). An Old Minangkabau Legal Digest from Perak. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 26(1), 1-13. 45. Winstedt, R.O. (1991). A History of Classical Malay Literature (3rd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Branch of Royal Asiatic Society.