Keupayaan ict dalam meningkatkan pencapaian usahawan wanita: satu kajian kes usahawan luar bandar di Malaysia
List of Authors
  • Siti Masayu Rosliah Abdul Rashid

Keyword
  • ICT, usahawan, wanita, luar bandar, aplikasi ICT

Abstract
  • Masyarakat luar bandar khususnya wanita sering dikaitkan dengan kehidupan serba kekurangan. Ini disebabkan mereka memiliki tahap pendidikan rendah, ketiadaan kemahiran dalam pekerjaan dan disebabkan faktor keturunan. Menyedari hal ini, kerajaan telah memperkenalkan pelbagai inisiatif dalam mengurangkan masalah kehidupan masyarakat luar bandar. Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi atau Information and Communication Technology (ICT) dipercayai merupakan platform terbaik untuk masyarakat luar bandar. Ini kerana ICT mampu membawa impak ekonomi yang besar kepada golongan luar bandar sekiranya mereka memanfaatkan sepenuhnya penggunaan teknologi yang berkesan untuk memajukan perniagaan mereka. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesedaran dan kepentingan ICT dengan mengenal pasti profil responden yang menggunakan ICT dalam perniagaan mereka. Seramai 202 orang responden terlibat dalam kajian ini. Responden dipilih melalui senarai nama usahawan Pusat Internet Desa (PID) dan Medan Info Desa (MID) di Malaysia. Penemuan menunjukkan 83.7 peratus responden menggunakan ICT dalam perniagaan. Kajian turut mendapati responden menyedari tentang kepentingan ICT namun 41.6 peratus atau 84 orang sahaja memperoleh pendapatan tinggi. Ini kerana responden tidak mengaplikasikan sepenuhnya penggunaan ICT dalam aktiviti perniagaan mereka. Oleh itu bagi mengatasi masalah ini, strategi yang bersesuaian perlu dilaksanakan seperti membangunkan perisian khas untuk wanita, menggalakkan penglibatan wanita dalam IKS, melibatkan peranan wanita dalam polisi/dasar ICT serta beberapa strategi yang disenaraikan. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk memberi kesan positif selaras dengan matlamat kerajaan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup penduduk luar bandar khususnya golongan wanita. Jadi, pihak kerajaan atau agensi berkaitan perlu bekerjasama bagi memastikan langkah yang berkesan diterapkan dalam kalangan wanita luar bandar.

Reference
  • 1. Ankur, M.T, Abhishek, K.S dan Arvind, K. (2012) Information and Communication Technology for Rural Development. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE). [Atas talian]. [Tarikh akses 2 Jun 2013]. Dilayari daripada: http://www.enggjournals.com/ijcse/doc/IJCSE12-04-05-131.pdf. 824-828
    2. Arulchelvan, S dan Viswanathan, D. (2006) Pattern of usage of various electronic media by higher education students. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2(4), 100-118.
    3. Baourakis, G., Kourgiantakis, M. dan Migdalas, A. (2002) The impact of e-commerce on agrofood marketing: the case of agricultural co-operatives, firms and consumers in Crete. British Food Journal, 104 (8), 580-590
    4. Buhalis, D. dan Main, H. (1998) Information technology in peripheral small and mediumhospitality enterprises: strategic analysis and critical factors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10 ( 5), 198-202.
    5. Carlaw, K.I. & Lipsey, R.G. (2003). Productivity, technology and economic growth: What is the relationship? Journal of Economic Surveys 17: 457-495.
    6. Cooper, J.( 2006) The Digital Divide: The Special Case of Gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5). 320-334.
    7. Conradie, D.P. dan Jacobs, S.J. (2003) Challenges encountered when using ICTs (Information and Communications Technologies) in support of development in rural African communities. Engineering Management, 30(3). 1-12.
    8. David, P. (2000). Understanding digital technology’s evolution and the path of measured productivity growth: Present and future in the mirror of the past. In understanding the Digital Economy, edited by Brynjolfsson, E. &Kahim, B., 49-98. Cambridge: MIT Press.
    9. Deakins, D., Galloway, L. dan Mochrie, M. (2003) The use and impact of ICT on rural SMEs in Scotland. International Small Business Association Conference, Guildford.139-150.
    10. Esselaar, S., Stork. C., Ndiwalana. A.,Deen-Swarray. M. (2008) ICT Usage and Its Impact on Profitability of SMEs in 13 African Countries.The MIT Press 2008. Volume 4, Number 1, Fall 2007, 87–100
    11. Furuholt, B. dan S. Kristiansen. (2007) A Rural-urban Digital Divide? Regional Aspects of Internet Use in Tanzania. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries [Atas talian]31(6).[Tarikh akses 1 Jun 2013]. Dilayari daripada: https://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2../index.php/ejisdc/article/view/417/216. 1-15
    12. Gilligan, R. (2006) Questioning the “Rural” Adoption and Use of ICTs. Journal of Computer Science, 32(5). 1-12.
    13. Gulati, S. (2008) Technology-Enhanced Learning in Developing Nations: A review. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 9(1). 1-16
    14. Hassan Akca, Murat Sayili dan Kemal Esengun. (2007) Challenge of rural people to reduce digital divide in globalized world: Theory and Practice. Government Information Quarterly, 24 (2007). 60-70.
    15. Hassan, M.S. dan H.A.M. Syaffril. (2009) Internet usage among agro-based entrepreneur: can it affect productivity? Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences, 5(2). 1-12.
    16. Heeks, R. (2008) ICT4D 2.0: The Next Phase of Applying ICT for International Development. IEEE Computer Society 41(6). 361-378.
    17. Hosseini, S.J.F., Niknami, M. dan Chizari, M. (2009) To determine the challenges in the application of ICTs by the agricultural extension service in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 1(1), 292-299.
    18. Hollifield, C.A., dan Donnermeyer, J.F. (2003) Creating demand: Influencing information technology diffusion in rural communities. Government Information Quarterly, 20, 135- 150.
    19. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2013) Booklet Impak Pembangunan Berkesan: Pendapatan Isi Rumah Meningkat dan Taraf Kemiskinan Menurun. Bahagian Penerbitan Dasar Negara, Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. Putrajaya: Malaysia.
    20. Jensen. M. dan Esterhuysen. A. (2001) The Community Telecentre Cookbook for Africa. Paris. UNESCO.
    21. Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah. (2009) Booklet Pelan Induk Pembangunan Luar Bandar. Jabatan Percetakan Negara. Putrajaya: Malaysia.
    22. Kemly Camacho. (2006) Digital Divide. [Atas talian] [Tarikh akses 21 Jun 2012]. Dilayari daripada: http://vecam.org/article549.html
    23. Kottemann, J. E. dan K. M. Boyer-Wright. (2009) Human resource development, domains of information technology use, and levels of economic prosperity. Information Technology for Development. 15(1), 32-42.
    24. Kriz, K., dan Qureshi, S. (2009) The Role of Policy in the Relationship between ICT Adoption and Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Singapore and Malaysia. [Atas talian]. [Tarikh akses 7 Ogos 2013]. Dilayari daripada: http://aisel.aisnet.org/globdev2009/13
    25. Liau, A.K., Khoo A. & Ang, P.H. (2005) Factors Influencing Adolescents’ Engagement in Risky Internet Behavior. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(6). 513-520.
    26. Loges, W.E. dan J. Jung. ( 2001) Exploring the Digital Divide Internet Connectedness and Age. Journal of Communication Research, 28(4). 215-230.
    27. Lorna, H.M (2007) Exploring Social Contextual Correlates of Computer Ownership and Frequency of Use Among Urban, Low-Income, Public Housing Adult Residents.
    28. J Med Internet Res 2007 [Atas talian]. 9(4) [Tarikh akses 5 Oktober 2013]. Dilayari daripada: doi:10.2196/jmir.9.4.e35
    29. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). (2012) Pocket Book of Statistics Q4: 2012 [Atas talian].[Tarikh akses 3 Julai 2013]. Dilayari daripada: http://skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Q4-2012-ENG-250213.pdf
    30. Md. Salleh, H. dan Hayrol Azril, M.S. (2009) Internet Usage among Agriculture Entrepreneur: Can It Affect Productivity? Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, 5(3), 61-66.
    31. Mochrie, R., Galloway, L. dan Deakins, D. (2003) Learning together: the value of Internet forums to small rural businesses. IAREP Conference, Rimini.
    32. Mohd Yassir Jaafar. (2010) Kerajaan sediakan 1.2juta laptop percuma bagi keluarga dengan pendapatan
    33. Moyle, T.L. dan Dollard, F.M. (2008) Rural Indian and Indigenous Australian Women Working Towards Empowerment: A proposed Cross-cultural Study. International Journal of Rural Management, 4(1&2), 2008: 153-168.
    34. Musa, A.H. (2008) Benefiting ICT for all. UPM Publisher. Serdang: Malaysia. Norizan Razak dan Zaharah Hassan. (2010) Developing Women e-Entrepreneurs: A Malacca Case Study.
    35. Persidangan Rural ICT Development 3rd National Conference on Rural ICT Development: Empowering Rural Communities Through Broadband Initiatives, 23/25 November 2010, Sintok. Kedah: Malaysia.
    36. Norsiah Abdul Hamid dan Che Su Mustaffa. (2005) Akses dan Literasi Komputer di kalangan Wanita Negeri Kedah. Seminar Kebangsaan E-Komuniti 2005, 6/7 Disember 2005,Putrajaya. Putrajaya: Malaysia.
    37. OSILAC (Observatory for the Information Society in Latin America and the Carribean). (2009) ICT Statistical Information System –
    38. OSILAC. United Nations, Santiago Chile. [Atas talian]. [Tarikh akses 1 Julai 2014]. Dilayari daripada: http://www.cepal.org/tic/flash/default.asp?idioma=IN
    39. Owo, N.J. (2010) Gender and Development: Nigeria As A Case Study. Journal of Sustainable Human Development Revision, 2, 81-91.
    40. Perez, C. 2002. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages. Edward Elgar.
    41. Ramirez, R. (2007) Appreciating the Contribution of Broadband ICT With Rural and Remote Communities: Stepping Stones Toward an Alternative Paradigm. The Information Society: An International Journal [Atas talian]. 23(2) [Tarikh akses 5 Oktober 2013]. Dilayari daripada: DOI: 10.1080/01972240701224044.
    42. Ruth, C. (2007) Exploring the ICT and Rural Poverty Reduction Link: Community Telecenters and Rural Livelihoods in Wu’an, China. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries [Atas talian]. 32(6), [Tarikh akses 5 Mei 2013]. Dilayari daripada: https://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2.../index.php/ejisdc/article/view/462/230. 1-18.
    43. Shaffril, H.A.M., B.A. Samah, M.A. Hassan dan J.L. D’Silva. (2010) Socio-economic Factors That Impinge Computer Usage in Administration Works among Village Leaders in Malaysia. Scientific Research and Essays. [Atas talian] 5 [Tarikh akses 2 Jun 2012]. Dilayari daripada http: //www.academicjournals.org/sre/PDF/pdf2010/4Dec/Shaffril%20et%20al.pdf
    44. Smallbone, D., North, D., Baldock, R. dan Ekanem, I. (2002) Encouraging and supporting enterprises in rural areas. Report to the Small Business Service, London.
    45. Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia-SKMM (2014). Buku Maklumat Statistik Q1: Jabatan Statistik. [Atas talian]. [Tarikh akses 29 Julai 2016]. Dilayari daripada: www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Q1_2014-MPocketBM.pdf
    46. Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (SKMM) (2013) Buku Maklumat Statistik: Komunikasi dan Multimedia Q1 2013. [Atas talian].[Tarikh akses 5 Julai 2013] Dilayari daripada: http://www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/Buku-Maklumat-Statistics-Q1- 2013_1.pdf
    47. V. Venkatesh, dan F.D. Davis. (2000) A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46 (2), 186-204.
    48. Venkatachalam, S., dan McDowell, S. D. (2002) What is broadband? What is rural? Government Information Quarterly, 20. 95-106.
    49. World Youth Report. (2003) Youth & Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).[Atas talian] [Tarikh akses 2 Jun 2013]. Dilayari daripada: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ch12.pdf
    50. Yuji Tamura. (2003) Redistribution Policies for The Rural Poor of Developing Countries: Towards More Equitable Development. University of Malaya Press. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia.
    51. Zamaria, C. & Fletcher, F. (2007) Canada Internet Project. Canada Online: Year Two Highlights.