This study explores the relationship between self-care capacity and mental health among older adults in the urban context of Ho Chi Minh City. A cross-sectional research design was employed, based on survey data from 255 participants in one urban district and one peri-urban district. The measures included the average self-care score and the level of satisfaction with mental health. Analyses performed consisted of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and simple linear regression. The results indicated a positive trend in the correlation between self-care capacity and mental health satisfaction; younger older adults (aged 60–69) and those with higher educational attainment demonstrated better self-care capacity. However, the correlation between the two variables did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.121; p = 0.054). The findings imply that enhancing self-care skills should be a strategic focus in urban social work practice to promote mental health among participants. Developing educational programs, supportive services, and age-friendly community environments is necessary to foster effective self-care within this population. These findings are significant for social workers, guidance counselors, educators and mental health care professionals.