Memahami hubungan sivil-tentera Thailand dari perspektif teori concordance: satu analisis
List of Authors
  • Durrah Abd Malek , Muhamad Nadzri Mohamed Noor

Keyword
  • Hubungan sivil-tentera, teori concordance, institusi ketenteraan Thailand, kudeta tentera, politik Thailand

Abstract
  • Hubungan sivil-tentera Thailand sering berada dalam keadaan antagonisme dan menjadi subjek pemerhatian kerana tindakan-tindakan tidak demokratik institusi ketenteraan, terutamanya kudeta yang kerap dilakukan. Ia sedikit sebanyak menyumbang kepada pembantutan proses pendemokrasian dan polarisasi ekstrem dalam politik domestik Thailand. Namun, lanskap ini terhasil daripada kurangnya keazaman politik dan persetujuan dalam kalangan pihak-pihak berkepentingan untuk mewujudkan satu ekosistem politik domestik yang boleh memenuhi kehendak semua pihak dan membawa kepada kestabilan politik. Teori concordance yang dikembangkan oleh Rebecca Schiff tidak pernah digunakan ke atas hubungan sivil-tentera Thailand dan model ini memberikan satu alternatif yang berbeza dari teori institusi Huntington: matlamat hubungan sivil-tentera yang baik adalah kestabilan politik dan bukan demokrasi semata-mata. Melalui kajian ini, pengkaji akan mengaplikasikan model ini dan menganalisa kemungkinan sebuah hubungan sivil-tentera yang stabil dan profesional di Thailand sekiranya ia menurut prasyarat-prasyarat yang digariskan oleh teori concordance.

Reference
  • 1. Amnesty International. (2020, March 23). Thailand: Military conscripts face rampant harassment, beatings and sexual abuse. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/thailand-military-conscripts-face-rampant-harassment-beatings-sexual-abuse/
    2. Baker, C. & Phongpaichit, P. (2014). A history of Thailand. Cambridge University Press. Baker, C. (2016). The 2014 Thai Coup and some roots of authoritarianism. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 46(3), 388-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2016.1150500
    3. Bangkok Post. (2021, June 1). PM defends defence spending. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2124591/pm-defends-defence-spending
    4. Battye, N. A. (1974). The military, government and society in Siam, 1868-1910: Politics and military reforms during the reign of King Chulalongkorn: Cornell University.
    5. Bumroongsook, S. (1991). Chulachumklao Royal Military Academy: The modernization of military education in Thailand (1887-1948): Northern Illinois University.
    6. Burhanuddin, Agussalim. (2015). Historical and Cultural factors in Indonesia Civil-Military relations. PERENNIAL. 1(2), 195-208.
    7. Chachavalpongpun, P. (2011). Thaksin, the military and Thailand’s protracted political crisis. In M. Mietzner (Eds). The political resurgence of the military in southeast Asia: Conflict and leadership, (pp 45-62). Routledge Publications.
    8. Chambers, l. (2010). Thailand on the brink: Resurgent military, eroded democracy. Asian Survey, 50(5), 835- 858. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.5.835
    9. Chambers, P. & Waitoolkiat, N. (2019). Thailand’s thwarted democratization. Asian Affairs: An American Review. 47(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2019.1699226
    10. Chambers, P. (2020). Arch-royalist autocracy unlimited: Civil-Military relations in contemporary Thailand. In C. Yamahata, S. Sudo & T. Matsugi (Eds.). Rights and security in India, Myanmar and Thailand, (pp 193-217). Springer Publications.
    11. Chambers, P. (2021, April 28). Perspective: Thailand’s Military in 2021: Mid-Year Reshuffle, Continuing Factionalism and Rejected Reforms. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2021-56-thailands-military-in-2021-mid-year-reshuffle-continuing-factionalism-and-rejected-reform-by-paul-chambers/
    12. Croissant, A. & Lorenz, P. (2018). Thailand: The vicious cycle of civilian government and military rule. In A.Croissant & P.Lorenz (Eds.). Comparative politics of southeast Asia: An introduction to governments and political regimes, (pp 291-330). Springer.
    13. Croissant, A., Kuehn, D. P., Lorenz, P., & Chambers, P. (2013). Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia. In Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137319272
    14. Feaver, P. (1996). The civil-military problematique: Huntington, janowitz and the question of civilian control. Armed Forces and Society, 23(2), 149-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9602300203
    15. Feaver, P. (2003). Armed servants: Agency, oversight and civil-military relations. Harvard University Press.
    16. Finer, S. S. (2002). The man on horseback: The role of the military in politics. Transactions Publishers.
    17. Grevatt, J. & MacDonald, A. (2022, March 22). Thailand proposes 2% cut in 2023 defence budget. Janes.com. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/thailand-proposes-2-cut-in-2023- defence-budget
    18. Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil-militaryrelations. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
    19. International Trade Administration. (2022, July 25). Defense and security. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/thailand-defense-and-security
    20. Janowitz, M. (1971). The professional soldier: A social and political portrait. The Free Press.
    21. Lambo, C. (2021, February 1). Thailand’s Military-Industrial Complex: A Case Study of the Thai Military Bank. The Yale Review of International Studies. http://yris.yira.org/winter-issue/4716
    22. Lasswell, H. (1941). The Garrison State. American Journal of Sociology, 46(4), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1086/218693
    23. McCargo, D. (2005). Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand. The Pacific Review, 18(4), 499- 519. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740500338937
    24. Nilufer, N. (2011). Concordance and discordance in Turkish civil-military relations, 1980- 2002. Turkish Studies, 12(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2011.572629
    25. Ockey, J. (2001). Thailand: The struggle to redefine civil-military relations. In M. Alagappa (Eds). Coercion and governance: The declining political role of the military in Asia, (pp 187-208). Oxford University Press.
    26. Owens, M. T. (2017). Civil military relations. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies /display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e 123;jsessionid=3AB5BB4FAA1D63E2D624354D93FAB984
    27. Pawakapan, P. (2021). Infiltrating Society: The Thai Military’s Internal Security Affairs. ISEAS Publishings.
    28. Quinley, C. (2019, April 23). Red or black? Experiencing Thailand’s Military draft. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/23/red-or-black-experiencing-thailands-military-draft
    29. Salihu, N. (2019). Concordance civil-military relations in Ghana’s Fourth Republic. Armed Forces and Society, 46(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X19841665
    30. Samudavanija, C. & Paribatra, S. (1993). Thailand: Liberalization without democracy. In J.W. Morley (Ed). Driven by growth: Political change in the Asia-Pacific region, (pp119-142). East Gate Book - M.E. Sharpe Inc.
    31. Schiff, R. L. (2009). Military and domestic politics: A concordance theory of civil- military relations. Routledge Publishing.
    32. Schiff, Rebecca L. 1995. Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance. Armed Forces and Society. 22(1), 7-24. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9502200101
    33. Sirvunnabood, P. & Ricks, J. I. (2016). Professional and soldiers: Measuring professionalism in the Thai Military. Pacific Affairs, 89(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.5509/20168917
    34. Sripokangkul, S., Draper, J., Hinke, C., & Crumpton, C. W. (2019). The military draft in Thailand: A critique from a nonkilling global political science perspective. Global Change, Peace & Security, 31(1), 39– 59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2018.1493447
    35. Streicher, R. (2012). Fashioning the Gentlemanly State: The curious charm of the military uniform in Southern Thailand. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14(4), 470-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.726093
    36. Sudhamani, S. R. (1978). Major components in Thai politics, 1958-1963. International Studies. 17(2), 277- 297. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088177801700203
    37. Teaiwa, T. & Nicole, R. (2016). Articulation and concordance: A dialogue on civil-military relations in Fiji. The Good Society, 25(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.5325/goodsociety.25.1.0105
    38. Thai PBS World. (2020, November 12). Prayuth shoots down bid to scrap military draft. Thai PBS World. https://www.thaipbsworld.com/prayut-shoots-down-bid-to-scrap-military-draft/
    39. Thananithichot, S. (2011). Understanding Thai nationalism and ethnic identity. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(3), 250-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909611399735
    40. The Cove. (2021, December 6). #KYR: Thailand - Military. https://cove.army.gov.au/article/kyr-thailand-military
    41. Von Clausewitz, C. (1874). On war (J.J. Graham, Trans.).
    42. N. Trubner. Wattanayagorn, P. (1998). Thailand. In R. Pal Singh (Ed.). Arms procurement decision making volume I: China, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea and Thailand, (pp 211-241). Oxford University Press.
    43. Winichakul, T. (2008). Toppling democracy. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 38(1), 11-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330701651937
    44. Zaman, R. U. & Biswas, N. R. (2014). Bangladesh’s participation in UN peacekeeping missions and challenges for civil-military relations: A case for concordance theory. International Peacekeeping. 21(3), 324-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.938913