As the significance of mental well-being in personal growth escalates, increasingly studies have focused on its potential factors. This study aims to establish a theoretical framework linking parenting styles, emotional self-efficacy, and mental well-being to elucidate their interrelationships and their influences on mental well-being. Based on Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Theory, Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory, Keyes’ Mental Well-Being Framework, and Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory, this study explores how authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles affect individuals’ mental well-being by influencing emotional self-efficacy. The theoretical framework established not only offers a theoretical foundation for the implementation of empirical research, but also provides guidance for educators, psychologists, and parents to understand how different parenting styles affect an individual’s mental well-being through a growth of personal emotional self-efficacy, which further is helpful for the development of interventions and support systems.