Public sector organisations in Asia are under increasing pressure to integrate sustainability practices and robust risk governance into their operations to address complex environmental, social, and economic challenges. However, efforts to implement these initiatives often encounter institutional, regulatory, and contextual barriers that compromise long-term sustainable development. This paper presents a systematic literature review to explore the sustainability practices adopted by public sector organisations in Malaysia and other Asian contexts, examine how governance frameworks support these practices, and analyse the recurring challenges that hinder their effective integration. A total of 53 peer-reviewed journal articles were systematically selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify trends across four sustainability pillars: environmental, social, economic, and institutional, and three key governance dimensions: regulatory instruments, oversight mechanisms, and institutional capacity. The findings reveal diverse but fragmented sustainability practices, ranging from decarbonisation and waste management to public health resilience and ethical leadership. Governance frameworks were found to play an enabling role, particularly through strong regulatory oversight and digital transformation, yet implementation varies significantly across countries. Despite growing policy attention, recurring challenges such as policy fragmentation, weak enforcement, limited transparency, and financial constraints continue to impede progress. Country-specific factors, such as centralised governance in Pakistan, coordination failures in Bangladesh, and regulatory gaps in Malaysia, highlight the importance of context-sensitive reforms. The review underscores the need for more cohesive strategies, stronger institutional capacity, and integrated governance systems to enhance sustainable public sector performance across Asia.