Manifestasi penjagaan keluarga: tekanan psikologikal dalam menjaga pesakit mental
List of Authors
  • Chong, Sheau Tsuey , Fauziah Ibrahim , Khadijah Alavi , Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad , Noremy Md Akil , Norulhuda Sarnon

Keyword
  • Penjagaan, Keluarga, Penyakit Mental, Tekanan, Psikososial

Abstract
  • Penjaga keluarga memainkan peranan penting dalam penjagaan pesakit mental dalam komuniti. Perubahan lokus rawatan pesakit mental telah memindahkan beban penjagaan ke atas keluarga. Keadaan ini memberi cabaran kepada penjaga keluarga di Malaysia apabila harus berhadapan dengan kesan langsung dan tidak langsung yang wujud dari penyakit mental. Kajian ini bertujuan membincangkan tentang peranan penjagaan dan kesan psikologikal penjaga keluarga yang menjaga pesakit mental dalam komuniti. Seramai 24 orang responden telah terlibat dalam kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat tiga peranan utama yang dimainkan oleh penjaga keluarga iaitu penjagaan emosi, penjagaan fizikal dan advokasi. Dalam perlaksanaan peranan ini, penjaga dilihat menghadapi pelbagai cabaran dari segi ekpresi emosi, kesan-kesan psikososial dan isu-isu persekitaran. Terdapat enam jenis emosi yang diekspresikan oleh penjaga keluarga seperti kerisauan, tekanan, hilang harapan, rasa kehilangan, malu dan rasa bersalah.Penjaga keluarga turut mengalami kesan-kesan psikososial seperti masalah kewangan, kesan ke atas keluarga, gangguan aktiviti sosial, masalah kesihatan fizikal dan keperluan sokongan. Penjagaan pesakit mental di rumah turut menyebabkan penjaga berhadapan dengan stigma sosial yang wujud dalam komuniti yang berkait rapat dengan penyakit mental. Justeru itu, kesemua faktor-faktor dalaman dan luaran yang dimanifestasikan oleh penjaga keluarga perlu diberi perhatian serius oleh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam menyediakan perkhidmatan kesihatan mental kepada pesakit mental dan tidak hanya memfokuskan intervensi mereka kepada pesakit tetapi juga penjaga keluarga.

Reference
  • 1. Aneshensel, C. S., Pearlin L. I., Mullen, J. T., Zarit, S. H. & Whitlatch, C. J. 1995. Profiles in Caregiving: The Unexpected Career. San Diego: Academic Press.
    2. Chang, K. H. & Horrocks, S. 2006. Lived experiences of family caregivers of mentally ill relatives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53 (4), 435-443.
    3. Godress, J., Ozgul, S., Owen, C. & Foley-Evans, L. 2005. Grief experiences of parents whose children suffer from mental illness. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39 (1), 88-94.
    4. Guarnaccia, P.J. & Parra, P. 1996. Ethnicity, social status, and families' experiences of caring for a mentally ill family member. Community Mental Health Journal, 32 (3), 243-260.
    5. Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., Yoon, G. & Stalder, D. R. 1996. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Contemporary Psychology, 41 (12), 12-18.
    6. Lai, D. W. L. 2009. From burden to depressive symptoms: The case of Chinese-Canadian family caregivers for the elderly. Social Work in Health Care, 48 (4), 432-449.
    7. Lau, C.C. 1993. The Chinese family and gender role in transition. In Chan, J.Y. & Brosseau, M. (Eds.). Chinese Review (p. 201-218). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
    Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer Publications.
    8. Lefley, H. P. 1996. Family Caregiving in Mental Illness. Family Caregiver Applications Series, 7. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications.
    9. Lefley, H. P. 2002. Ethical issues in mental health services for culturally diverse communities. In
    Backlar, P. & Cutler, D. L. (Eds.), Ethics in Community Mental Health Care (p. 3-22).
    10. Lefley, H. P. & Wasow, M. 1994. Helping Families Cope with Mental Illness. Chronic mental illness series, 2. USA: Harwood Academic.
    11. Lopez, S. R., Hipke, K. N., Polo, A. J., Jenkins, J. H., Karno, M., Vaughn, C. & Snyder, K. S. 2004. Ethnicity, expressed emotion, attributions, and course of schizophrenia: Family warmth matters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 428-439.
    12. M. G. & Cortez, R. 2007. Psychological distress among Latino family caregivers of adults with schizophrenia: The roles of burden and stigma. Psychiatric Services, 58 (3), 378-384.
    13. Miller, J. G. & Bersoff, D. M. 1994. Cultural influences on the moral status of reciprocity and the discounting of endogenous motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 592-602.
    14. Mohamad, M. S. & Carpenter, J. 2010. Families‘ experiences of caregiving to relatives with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in Malaysia. Paper Presented In Joint World Conference on Social Work And Social Development: The Agenda. Hong Kong, China.
    15. Mohamad, S. M., Subhi, N., Kamaruzaman Jusoff, W.J. Wan Azreena, Sheau Tsuey Chong, Fauziah, I., Sarnon, N., Salina, N., Lukman, Z. M., Hoesni, S. M. & Alavi, K. 2011. Psychological outcomes of family caregivers of mental illness patients. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12 (01-06), 1-6.
    16. Pirani, F. M., Papadopoulos, R., Foster, J. & Leavey, G. 2007. I will accept whatever is meant for us. I wait for that—day and night: The search for healing at a Muslim shrine in Pakistan. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1-12.
    17. Ramırez Garcıa, J. I., Hernandez, B. & Dorian, M. 2009. Mexican American caregivers‘ coping efficacy: Associations with caregivers‘ distress and positivity to their relatives with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 62–170.
    18. Ritchie, J., Spencer, L. & O‘Connor, W. 2003. Carrying out qualitative analysis. In Ritchie, J., &
    Lewis, J. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students And Researchers. London: Sage Publications.
    19. Wasow, M. 1995. The Skipping Stone: Ripple Effects of Mental Illness on the Family. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
    20. Wills C. E. 2003. Caregivers experienced 6 phases in coping over time with severe and persistent mental illness in a family member. Evidence-Based Nursing. 6 (3), 94.
    21. Yip, K. S. 2005. Family caregiving of clients with mental illness in the People‘s Republic of China. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 10 (1), 35-42.